Beef 101: Nutrition Facts and Health Effects

Nutrition facts

Beef is primarily composed of protein and varying amounts of fat.

Here are the nutrition facts for a 3.5-ounce (100-gram) serving of broiled, ground beef with 10% fat content ( 2 ):

• Calories:217
• Water:61%
• Protein:26.1 grams
• Carbs:0 grams
• Sugar:0 grams
• Fiber:0 grams
• Fat:11.8 grams

Protein

Meat — such as beef — is mainly composed ofprotein.

The protein content of lean, cooked beef is about 26–27% ( 2 ).

Animal protein is usually of high quality, containing all nine essential amino acids needed for the growth and maintenance of your body ( 3 ).

As the building blocks of proteins, amino acids are very important from a health perspective. Their composition in proteins varies widely, depending on the dietary source.

Meat is one of the most complete dietary sources of protein, its amino acid profile being almost identical to that of your own muscles.

For this reason, eating meat — orother sourcesof animal protein — may be of particular benefit after surgery and for recovering athletes. In combination with strength exercise, it also helps maintain and build muscle mass ( 3 ).

Fat

Beef contains varying amounts of fat — also called beef tallow.

Apart from adding flavor, fat increases thecaloriecontent of meat considerably.

The amount of fat in beef depends on the level of trimming and the animal’s age, breed, gender, and feed. Processed meat products, such as sausages and salami, tend to be high in fat.

Lean meat is generally about 5–10% fat ( 4 ).

Beef is mainly composed of saturated and monounsaturated fat, present in approximately equal amounts. The major fatty acids are stearic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid ( 3 ).

Food products from ruminant animals — such as cows and sheep — also harbor trans fats known as ruminant trans fats ( 5 ).

Unlike their industrially-produced counterparts, naturally-occurring ruminant trans fats are not considered unhealthy.

The most common isconjugated linoleic acid(CLA), which is found in beef, lamb, and dairy products ( 5 , 6 ).

CLA has been linked to various health benefits — including weight loss. Still, large doses in supplements may have harmful metabolic consequences ( 7 ,8, 9 , 10 , 11 ).

SUMMARY

牛肉蛋白质是高营养的,可以促进muscle maintenance and growth. Beef contains varying amounts of fat, including CLA, which has been linked to health benefits.

Vitamins and minerals

The following vitamins and minerals are abundant in beef:

• Vitamin B12.Animal-derived foods, such as meat, are the only good dietary sources of vitamin B12, an essential nutrient that is important for blood formation and your brain and nervous system.
• Zinc.Beef is very rich inzinc, a mineral that is important for body growth and maintenance.
• Selenium.Meat is generally a rich source of selenium, an essential trace element that serves a variety of functions in your body ( 12 ).
• Iron.发现大量的牛肉,肉铁主要是in the heme form, which is absorbed very efficiently ( 13 ).
• Niacin.One of the B vitamins, niacin (vitamin B3) has various important functions in your body. Lowniacin intakehas been associated with an increased risk of heart disease ( 14 ).
• Vitamin B6.一个家庭的维生素B,维生素B6佛是很重要的r blood formation and energy metabolism.
• Phosphorus.Widely found in foods, phosphorus intake is generally high in the Western diet. It’s essential for body growth and maintenance.

Beef contains many other vitamins and minerals in lower amounts.

Processed beef products, such as sausages, may be particularly high in sodium (salt).

SUMMARY

Meat is an excellent source of various vitamins and minerals. These include vitamin B12, zinc, selenium, iron, niacin, and vitamin B6.

Other meat compounds

Like plants, meat contains a number of bioactive substances and antioxidants, which may affect health when consumed in adequate amounts.

Some of the most prominent compounds in beef include:

• Creatine.Abundant in meat,creatineserves as an energy source for muscles. Creatine supplements are commonly taken by bodybuilders and may be beneficial for muscle growth and maintenance ( 15 , 16 ).
• Taurine.Found in fish and meat, taurine is an antioxidant amino acid and a common ingredient in energy drinks. It’s produced by your body and important for heart and muscle function ( 17 , 18 , 19 ).
• Glutathione.An antioxidant found in most whole foods,glutathioneis particularly abundant in meat. It’s found in higher amounts in grass-fed beef than in grain-fed ( 20 , 21 ).
• Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA).CLA is a ruminant trans fat that may have various health benefits when consumed as part of a healthy diet ( 7 ,8).
• Cholesterol.This compound serves many functions in your body. In most people, dietary cholesterol has little effect on blood cholesterol and is generally not considered a health concern ( 22 ).

SUMMARY

Animal meat like beef contains a number of bioactive substances, such as creatine, taurine, CLA, and cholesterol.

Health benefits of beef

Beef is a rich source of high-quality protein and various vitamins and minerals. As such, it can be an excellent component of a healthy diet.

Maintaining muscle mass

Like all types of meat, beef is an excellent source of high-quality protein.

It contains all of theessential amino acidsand is referred to as a complete protein.

Many people — especially older adults — don’t consume enough high-quality protein.

Inadequate protein intake may accelerate age-related muscle wasting, increasing your risk of an adverse condition known as sarcopenia ( 23 ).

Sarcopenia is a serious health issue among older adults but can be prevented or reversed with strengthexercisesand increased protein intake.

The best dietary sources of protein are animal-derived foods, such as meat, fish, and milk products.

In the context of a healthy lifestyle, regular consumption of beef — or other sources of high-quality protein — may help preserve muscle mass, reducing your risk of sarcopenia.

Improved exercise performance

Carnosine is a compound important for muscle function ( 24 , 25 ).

It’s formed in your body frombeta-alanine, a dietary amino acid found in high amounts in fish and meat — including beef.

Supplementing with high doses of beta-alanine for 4–10 weeks has been shown to lead to a 40–80% increase in carnosine levels in muscles ( 26 , 24 , 27 , 28 ).

In contrast, following a strictvegetarian dietmay lead to lower levels of carnosine in muscles over time ( 29 ).

In human muscles, high levels of carnosine have been linked to reduced fatigue and improved performance during exercise ( 26 , 30 , 31 , 32 ).

Additionally, controlled studies suggest that beta-alanine supplements can improve running time and strength ( 33 , 34 ).

Anemia prevention

Anemia is a common condition, characterized by a decreased number of red blood cells and reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen.

Iron deficiencyis one of the most common causes of anemia. The main symptoms are tiredness and weakness.

Beef is a rich source of iron — mainly in the form of heme iron.

Only found in animal-derived foods, heme iron is often very low in vegetarian — and especially vegan — diets ( 35 ).

Your body absorbs heme iron much more efficiently than non-heme iron — the type of iron in plant-derived foods ( 13 ).

Thus, meat not only contains a highly bioavailable form of iron but also improves the absorption of non-heme iron from plant foods — a mechanism that has not been fully explained and is referred to as the “meat factor.”

A few studies indicate that meat can increase the absorption of non-heme iron even in meals that containphytic acid, an inhibitor of iron absorption ( 36 , 37 , 38 ).

Another study found that meat supplements were more effective than iron tablets at maintaining iron status in women during a period of exercise ( 39 ).

Therefore, eating meat is one of the best ways to prevent iron deficiency anemia.

SUMMARY

Rich in high-quality protein, beef may help maintain and grow muscle mass. Its beta-alanine content may reduce fatigue and improve exercise performance. Plus, beef may prevent iron deficiency anemia.

Beef and heart disease

心脏病是世界上最常见的原因premature death.

It’s a term for various conditions related to the heart and blood vessels, such as heart attacks, strokes, and high blood pressure.

Observational studies onred meatand heart disease provide mixed results.

Some studies detect an increased risk for both unprocessed and processed red meat, a few showed an increased risk for processed meat only, and others reported no significant association at all ( 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ).

Keep in mind that observational studies cannot prove cause and effect. They only show that meat eaters are either more or less likely to get a disease.

It’s possible that meat consumption is just a marker for unhealthy behavior, but negative health effects are not caused by the meat itself.

For example, many health-conscious people avoid red meat because it has been claimed to be unhealthy ( 44 ).

Additionally, people who eat meat are more likely to be overweight and less likely to exercise or eat a lot of fruits, vegetables, and纤维( 35 , 45 , 46 ).

Of course, most observational studies try to correct for these factors, but the accuracy of the statistical adjustments may not always be perfect.

Saturated fat and heart disease

Several theories have been proposed to explain the link between meat consumption and heart disease.

The most popular is the diet-heart hypothesis — the idea thatsaturated fatincreases your risk of heart disease by raising cholesterol levels in your blood.

The diet-heart hypothesis is controversial and the evidence mixed. Not all studies observe a significant link between saturated fat and heart disease ( 47 , 48 , 49 ).

Still, most health authorities advise people to limit their intake of saturated fat — including beef tallow.

If you’re worried about saturated fat, consider choosing lean meat, which has been shown to have positive effects on cholesterol levels ( 50 , 51 , 52 ).

In the context of ahealthy lifestyle, it’s unlikely that moderate amounts of unprocessed lean beef have any adverse effects on heart health.

SUMMARY

It’s unclear whether meat consumption or saturated fats in beef increase your risk of heart disease. Some studies observe a link, but others don’t.

Beef and cancer

Colon cancer is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide.

Many observational studies link high meat consumption to an increased risk of colon cancer — but not all studies find a significant association ( 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ).

Several components of red meat have been discussed as possible culprits:

• Heme iron.Some researchers propose that heme iron may be responsible for the cancer-causing effect of red meat ( 58 , 59 , 60 ).
• Heterocyclic amines.These are a class of cancer-causing substances, produced when meat is overcooked ( 61 ).
• Other substances.It has been suggested that other compounds added to processed meats or formed during curing and smoking may cause cancer.

Heterocyclic amines are a family of carcinogenic substances formed during high-temperature cooking of animal protein, particularly when frying, baking, or grilling.

They’re found in well-done and overcooked meat, poultry, and fish ( 62 , 63 ).

These substances may partly explain the link between red meat andcancer.

A large number of studies indicate that eating well-done meat — or other dietary sources of heterocyclic amines — may increase your risk of various cancers ( 64 ).

These include colon, breast, and prostate cancer ( 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 ).

One of these studies found that women who ate well-done meat regularly had a 4.6-fold increased risk of breast cancer ( 71 ).

Taken together, some evidence suggests that eating high amounts of well-done meat may increase your risk of cancer.

Still, it’s not entirely clear whether it’s specifically due to heterocyclic amines or other substances formed during high-temperature cooking.

Increased cancer risk may also be related to unhealthy lifestyle factors often associated with high meat intake, such as not eating enough fruit, vegetables, and fiber.

For optimal health, it seems sensible to limit your consumption of overcooked meat. Steaming, boiling, and stewing arehealthier cooking methods.

SUMMARY

High consumption of overcooked meat may increase the risk of several types of cancer.

Other downsides

Beef has been linked to a few adverse health conditions — other than heart disease and cancer.

Beef tapeworm

The beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata) is an intestinal parasite that can sometimes reach a length of 13–33 feet (4–10 meters) ( 75 ).

It’s rare in most developed countries but relatively common in Latin America, Africa, Eastern Europe, and Asia.

Consumption of raw or undercooked (rare) beef is the most common route of infection.

Beef tapeworm infection — or taeniasis — usually doesn’t cause symptoms. However, severe infection may result in weight loss, abdominal pain, andnausea( 76 ).

Iron overload

Beef is one of the richest dietary sources of iron.

In some people, eating iron-rich foods may cause a condition known as iron overload.

The most common cause of iron overload is hereditary hemochromatosis, a genetic disorder characterized by excessive absorption of iron from food ( 77 ).

Excessive iron accumulation in your body can be life-threatening, leading to cancer, heart disease, and liver problems.

People with hemochromatosis should limit their consumption of red meat, such as beef and lamb ( 78 ).

SUMMARY

In some countries, raw or rare beef may contain beef tapeworm. Plus, as a rich source of iron, high beef consumption may contribute to excess iron accumulation — especially in people with hemochromatosis.

Grain-fed vs. grass-fed beef

The nutritional value of meat depends on the feed of the source animal.

In the past, most cattle in Western countries were grass-fed. In contrast, most of today’s beef production relies on grain-based feeds.

Compared to grain-fed beef,grass-fed beefhas ( 79 ):

• a higher antioxidant content ( 80 , 81 )
• fat that is more yellow in color — indicating higher amounts of carotenoid antioxidants ( 82 )
• higher amounts of vitamin E — especially when pasture-raised ( 83 )
• lower amounts of fat
• a healthier fatty acid profile
• higher amounts of ruminant trans fats — such as CLA ( 84 )
• higher amounts of omega-3 fatty acids

Put simply, grass-fed beef is a healthier choice than grain-fed.

SUMMARY

Beef from grass-fed cows is higher in many healthy nutrients than beef from grain-fed cows.

The bottom line

Beef is one of the most popular types of meat.

It’s exceptionally rich in high-quality protein, vitamins, and minerals.

Therefore, it may improve muscle growth and maintenance, as well as exercise performance. As a rich source of iron, it may also cut your risk of anemia.

High consumption of processed meat and overcooked meat has been linked to an increased risk of heart disease and cancer.

On the other hand, unprocessed and mildly cooked beef is healthy in moderation — especially in the context of a healthy lifestyle andbalanced diet.