什么是牛皮癣？
Psoriasis is a chronicautoimmune condition这会导致您的皮肤细胞快速积聚。这种细胞的积累会导致皮肤表面缩放。
Inflammation and redness around the scales are fairly common. Typical psoriatic scales are whitish-silver and develop in thick, red patches. However, on darker skin tones, they can also appear more as purplish, dark brown with gray scales. Sometimes, these patches will crack and bleed.
Psoriasis is the result of a sped-up skin production process. Typically, skin cells grow deep in your skin and slowly rise to the surface. Eventually, they fall off. The typical life cycle of a skin cell is 1 month.
在牛皮癣的人中，这种生产过程可能会在短短几天内发生。因此，皮肤细胞没有时间掉落。这种快速生产导致皮肤细胞的积累。
鳞片通常是在关节上发展的，例如肘部和膝盖。但是，它们可能会在您身体的任何地方发展，包括：
- hands
- feet
- neck
- 头皮
- face
Less common types of psoriasis affect the:
- 指甲
- 嘴
- area around the genitals
根据一个
- 3.6 percent of white people
- 3.1％的非西班牙裔人，包括多种族人
- 2.5 percent of Asian people
- 1.9 percent of Hispanic people, including Mexican American people
- 1.5％的黑人
It’s commonly associated with several other conditions, including:
There are five types of psoriasis:
Plaque psoriasis
Plaque psoriasis是最常见的牛皮癣类型。
The American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) estimates thatabout 80 to 90 percentof people with the condition have plaque psoriasis. It causes red, inflamed patches on light skin tones and purple or grayish color or darker brown patches on skin of color — making it harder to diagnose in people of color.
These patches are often covered with whitish-silver scales or plaques and are often
Guttate psoriasis
Guttate psoriasiscommonlyoccurs in childhood。这种类型的牛皮癣会导致粉红色或紫罗兰色的斑点。肠牛皮癣最常见的位置包括您的躯干，手臂和腿部。这些斑点很少像斑块牛皮癣一样厚或凸起。
Pustular psoriasis
Pustular psoriasis是more common in adults。它会导致白色或紫罗兰色的宽阔的水泡和宽阔的区域（肤色延伸）发炎。它可以在较深的肤色上显示为更强烈的紫色。脓疱的牛皮癣通常位于身体的较小区域，例如手或脚，但可以广泛。
牛皮癣逆
牛皮癣逆causes bright areas of red, shiny, inflamed skin. Patches of inverse psoriasis develop under your armpits or breasts, in your groin, or around skinfolds in your genitals.
Erythrodermic psoriasis
Erythrodermic psoriasis是一个严重的非常稀有根据国家牛皮癣基金会的说法，牛皮癣的类型。
这种形式通常一次涵盖您身体的大部分。皮肤几乎晒伤了。通常会在大型部分或床单中脱落的鳞片。您的牛皮癣形式发烧或生病并不少见。
This type can be life threatening, so it’s important that you make an appointment with a healthcare professional immediately.
Check out pictures of the different types of psoriasis.
牛皮癣的症状因人而异d depend on the type of psoriasis you have. Areas of psoriasis can be as small as a few flakes on your scalp or elbow, or cover the majority of your body.
The most common symptoms of plaque psoriasis include:
- 凸起的，发炎的皮肤斑块在浅色皮肤上显得红色，棕色或紫色在深色皮肤上
- 紫色和棕色斑块上的红色斑块或灰色鳞片上的白丝秤或斑块
- dry skin that may crack and bleed
- 斑块周围的酸痛
- itching and burning sensations around patches
- thick, pitted nails
- 痛苦，肿胀的关节
Not every person will experience all these symptoms. Some people will experience entirely different symptoms if they have a less common type of psoriasis.
Most people with psoriasis go through “cycles” of symptoms. The condition may cause severe symptoms for a few days or weeks, and then the symptoms may clear up and be almost unnoticeable. Then, in a few weeks or if made worse by a common psoriasis trigger, the condition may flare up again. Sometimes, symptoms of psoriasis disappear completely.
当您没有病情的主动迹象时，您可能会在“缓解。” That does not mean psoriasis will not come back, but for this period of time, you’re symptom-free.
Psoriasis is not contagious. You cannot pass the skin condition from one person to another. Touching a psoriatic lesion on another person will not cause you to develop the condition.
医生尚不清楚是什么引起牛皮癣。但是，由于数十年的研究，他们对两个关键因素有一个普遍的了解：
- 遗传学
- 免疫系统
Immune system
Psoriasis is an autoimmune condition. Autoimmune conditions are the result of your body attacking itself. In the case of psoriasis, white blood cells known as T cells mistakenly attack your skin cells.
Generally, in the body, white blood cells are deployed to attack and destroy invading bacteria and mount a defense against infections. This mistaken autoimmune attack causes the skin cell production process to go into overdrive. The sped-up skin cell production causes new skin cells to develop too quickly. They are pushed to the skin’s surface, where they pile up.
This results in the plaques that are most commonly associated with psoriasis. The attacks on the skin cells also cause red, inflamed areas of skin to develop.
遗传学
有些人继承了使它们更有可能发展牛皮癣的基因。如果您有皮肤状况的直系亲属，那么您处于
Two tests or examinations may be necessary to diagnose psoriasis.
体格检查
Most doctors can make a diagnosis with a simple physical exam. Symptoms of psoriasis are typically evident and easy to distinguish from other conditions that may cause similar symptoms.
During this exam, be sure to show your doctor all areas of concern. In addition, let your doctor know if any family members have the condition.
Biopsy
If your symptoms are unclear, or if your doctor wants to confirm their suspected diagnosis, they may take a small sample of your skin. This is known as a活检。
Biopsies can be done in your doctor’s office on the day of your appointment. Your doctor will likely inject a local numbing medication to make the biopsy less painful.
They will then send the skin biopsy to a lab for analysis, where it’ll be examined under a microscope. The examination can diagnose the type of psoriasis you have. It can also rule out other possible disorders or infections.
当结果返回时，您的医生可能会要求预约与您讨论发现和治疗选择。
External “triggers” may start a new bout of psoriasis. These triggers are not the same for everyone. They may also change over time for you.
牛皮癣最常见的触发因素包括：
压力
Unusually high stress may trigger a flare-up. If you learn to reduce and manage your stress, you can reduce and possibly prevent flare-ups.
Alcohol
Alcohol use disorder can trigger psoriasis flare-ups. If you drink excessively, psoriasis outbreaks may be more frequent. Considering reducing alcohol consumption or quitting is helpful for more than just your skin. Your doctor can help you create a plan to address your alcohol use concerns if you need assistance.
Injury
An accident, cut, or scrape may trigger a flare-up. Injections, vaccines, and sunburns can also trigger a new outbreak.
药物
Some medications are considered psoriasis triggers. These medications include:
- lithium
- 抗疟药
- high blood pressure medication
感染
Psoriasis is caused, at least in part, by the immune system mistakenly attacking healthy skin cells. If you’re sick — maybe you have an infection — your immune system can mistakenly build an immune response against itself in addition to the necessary defense against the infection.
这可能会开始另一个牛皮癣。Strep throat是a common trigger.
Psoriasis has no cure. Treatments aim to:
- 减少炎症和鳞片
- slow the growth of skin cells
- remove plaques
牛皮癣治疗分为三类：
Topical treatments
直接涂在皮肤上的面霜和药膏可能有助于减少轻度至中度牛皮癣。
Topical psoriasis treatments include:
- topical corticosteroids
- topical retinoids
- anthralin
- vitamin D analogues
- 水杨酸
- moisturizer
Systemic medications
患有中度至重度牛皮癣的人，那些对其他治疗类型反应不佳的人可能需要使用口服或注射药物。
这些药物中的许多可能会产生严重的副作用，因此，医生通常会在短时间内开处方。
These medications include:
- methotrexate
- cyclosporine(Sandimmune)
- biologics
- 或者al retinoids
Light therapy
这种牛皮癣治疗使用紫外线（UV）或自然光。阳光杀死了正在攻击健康皮肤细胞并引起快速细胞生长的过度活跃的白细胞。UVA和UVB光都可能有助于减少轻度至中度牛皮癣的症状。
Most people with moderate to severe psoriasis will benefit from a combination of treatments. This type of therapy uses more than one of the treatment types to reduce symptoms. Some people may use the same treatment their entire lives. Others may need to change treatments occasionally if their skin stops responding to the treatment they’re receiving.
Learn more about your treatment options for psoriasis.
If you have moderate to severe psoriasis — or if psoriasis stops responding to other treatments — your doctor may consider an oral or injected medication.
用于治疗牛皮癣的最常见的口服和注射药物包括：
Biologics
这类药物会改变您的免疫系统，并防止免疫系统与炎症途径之间的相互作用。这些药物是注入或通过intravenous (IV)infusion.
类视黄素
类视黄素reduce skin cell production. Once you stop using them, symptoms of psoriasis will likely return. Side effects include hair loss and mucosal dryness.
怀孕或可能在未来三年内怀孕的人不应服用类视黄素，因为未出生的儿童可能出生缺陷的风险。
Cyclosporine
Cyclosporine(Sandimmune) decreases the immune system’s response. This can ease symptoms of psoriasis. It also means you have a weakened immune system, so you may become sick more easily. Potential side effects include kidney problems and high blood pressure.
甲氨蝶呤
Like cyclosporine,methotrexate抑制免疫系统。低剂量使用时可能会导致更少的副作用。它可能长期导致严重的副作用。严重的副作用包括肝损伤和红细胞和白色血细胞的产生。
Learn more about the oral medications used to treat psoriasis.
食物无法治愈甚至治疗牛皮癣，但是吃丰富的营养饮食可能有助于减轻您的症状。这五种生活方式的改变可能有助于缓解牛皮癣的症状并减少爆发：
Losing any excess weight
It’s unclear how weight interacts with psoriasis, but losing excess weight may also help in making treatments more effective. If you’re overweight, working toward reaching a moderate weight, may help in reducing the severity of the condition.
吃心脏健康的饮食
减少在肉类和乳制品等动物产品中发现的饱和脂肪的摄入量可能有助于管理牛皮癣。
It’s also important to increase your intake of lean proteins that contain omega-3 fatty acids, such as salmon, sardines, and shrimp. Plant sources of omega-3s, including walnuts, flax seeds, and soybeans, are also helpful sources, especially if you’re looking for plant-based options.
避免触发食物
Psoriasis causes inflammation. Certain foods can cause inflammation as well. Avoiding those foods might help improve symptoms. These foods include:
- red meat
- refined sugar
- 高度加工的食物
- dairy products
Drinking less alcohol
Alcohol consumption can increase your risk of a flare-up. Cutting back or quitting entirely can help lower your risk. If you have alcohol use disorder, your doctor can help you create a treatment plan.
Considering taking vitamins
一些医生更喜欢富含维生素的饮食而不是药丸形式的维生素。但是，即使是最健康的食客也可能需要帮助获得足够的营养。询问您的医生是否应该服用任何维生素作为饮食的补充。
Learn more about your dietary options.
牛皮癣有时可能会具有挑战性，但是采用正确的方法，您可以减少爆发。这三个领域将在短期和长期内帮助您应对：
Diet
Losing any excess weight to reach a moderate weight and eating a nutrient-dense diet can go a long way toward helping ease and reduce symptoms of psoriasis. This includes eating a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids, whole grains, and plants.
Also, limiting foods that may increase inflammation in your body is important. These foods include refined sugars, dairy products, and highly processed foods.
Speak with your doctor about whether an抗炎饮食是right for you.
压力
压力可以是
Emotional health
People with psoriasis are more likely to experience depression and self-esteem issues, according to
与牛皮癣相关的所有情绪问题都是有效的。与支持资源的联系对于处理它们很重要。这可能包括与心理健康专家交谈或加入牛皮癣患者的支持小组。
根据30％至33％的牛皮癣患者将诊断出牛皮癣关节炎。recent clinical guidelinespublished by the AAD and the NPF.
This type of arthritis causes swelling, pain, and inflammation in affected joints. It’s commonly mistaken for类风湿关节炎或者痛风。The presence of inflamed, red or purple areas of skin with plaques usually distinguishes this type of arthritis from others.
Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic condition. Like psoriasis, the symptoms of psoriatic arthritis may come and go, alternating between flare-ups and remission. Psoriatic arthritis can also be continuous, with constant symptoms and issues.
这种情况通常会影响手指或脚趾的关节。它也可能影响您的下背部，手腕，膝盖或脚踝。
大多数发展牛皮癣关节炎的人患有牛皮癣。但是，可以在没有牛皮癣诊断的情况下发展关节状况。大多数在没有牛皮癣的情况下接受关节炎诊断的大多数人都有患有皮肤状况的家庭成员。
治疗银屑病关节炎的可能成功y ease symptoms, relieve pain, and improve joint mobility. As with psoriasis, losing any excess weight, eating a nutrient-rich diet, and avoiding triggers may also help reduce psoriatic arthritis flare-ups.
为您的特定情况设计的早期诊断和治疗计划可以帮助减少严重并发症的可能性，包括关节损伤。
Around
Psoriasis may begin at any age, but most diagnoses occur in adulthood. The average age of onset is between 15 and 35 years old.
根据世界卫生组织（WHO）的说法，一些研究估计75 percentof psoriasis cases are diagnosed before 46 years old. A second peak period of diagnoses can occur in the late 50s and early 60s.
根据WHO，男性和女性受到同等影响。牛皮癣在白人中以更高的速度诊断出不成比例。有色人种占牛皮癣诊断的很小比例。然而，由于牛皮癣的色彩可能会在深色的肤色上表现出来。
Having a family member with the conditionincreasesyour risk of developing psoriasis, according to the National Psoriasis Foundation. However, many people with the condition have no family history at all. Some people with a family history will not develop psoriasis.
Around one-third牛皮癣患者将被诊断出牛皮癣关节炎。此外，牛皮癣患者更有可能发展：
- type 2 diabetes
- kidney disease
- 心脏疾病
- high blood pressure
虽然数据未完成, research suggests psoriasis diagnoses are becoming more common. Whether that’s because people are developing the skin condition or doctors are just getting better at diagnosing is unclear.