什么是多动症？

注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是一种心理健康状况，可能导致异常的多动和冲动行为。患有多动症的人也可能难以将注意力集中在一项任务上或静止不动。

Many people experience inattention and changes in energy levels. For a person with ADHD, this happens more often and to a greater extent compared with people who don’t have the condition. It can have a significant effect on their studies, work, and home life.

Both adults and children can have ADHD. It’s a diagnosis recognized by the American Psychiatric Association (APA).Learn about types of ADHD and symptoms in both children and adults.

A wide range of behaviors are associated with ADHD. Some of the more common ones include:

  • having trouble focusing or concentrating on tasks
  • being forgetful about completing tasks
  • being easily distracted
  • 难以坐着
  • interrupting people while they’re talking

Signs and symptoms can be specific to different aspects of ADHD, such as hyperactivity, impulsivity, or difficulty focusing.

A person who is experiencing hyperactivity and impulsivity may:

  • find it difficult to sit still or remain seated, for example, in class
  • have trouble playing or carrying out tasks quietly
  • talk excessively
  • 很难等待他们
  • interrupt others when they’re speaking, playing, or carrying out a task

Someone who is having difficulty focusing might:

  • 学习或工作时频繁犯错或错过细节
  • find it hard to maintain focus when listening, reading, or holding a conversation
  • have trouble organizing their daily tasks
  • lose items frequently
  • be easily distracted by small things happening around them

If you or your child has ADHD, you may have some or all of these symptoms. The symptoms you have will depend on the type of ADHD you have.Explore a list of ADHD symptoms common in children.

To make ADHD diagnoses more consistent, the APA has grouped the condition into三类, or types. These types are predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactivity-impulsive, and a combination of both.

Predominantly inattentive

As the name suggests, people with this type of ADHD have extreme difficulty focusing, finishing tasks, and following instructions.

Experts also think that many children with the inattentive type of ADHD may not receive a proper diagnosis because they don’t tend to disrupt the classroom. 研究 suggests this is more common among girls with ADHD.

Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type

具有此类多动症的人主要表现出多动和冲动的行为。这可以包括：

  • fidgeting
  • interrupting people while they’re talking
  • 不能等待他们

尽管注意力不集中不关心这种多动症，但主要具有多动性多动症的人可能仍然很难专注于任务。

Combined hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive type

This is the most common type of ADHD. People with this combined type of ADHD display both inattentive and hyperactive symptoms. These include an inability to pay attention, a tendency toward impulsiveness, and above-average levels of activity and energy.

您或您的孩子所拥有的多动症类型将决定其治疗方式。您拥有的类型可以随着时间的推移而改变，因此您的治疗也可能会改变。Learn more about the three types of ADHD.

Despite how common ADHD is, doctors and researchers still aren’t sure what causes the condition. It’s believed to have neurological origins. Genetics may also play a role.

研究 表明减少多巴胺是多动症的一个因素。Dopamine is a chemical in the brain that helps move signals from one nerve to another. It plays a role in triggering emotional responses and movements.

Other research suggests a structural difference in the brain. Findings indicate that people with ADHD have less gray matter volume. Gray matter includes the brain areas that help with:

  • speech
  • 自我控制
  • decision making
  • muscle control

研究人员仍在研究ADHD的潜在原因，例如在怀孕期间吸烟。Find out more about the potential causes and risk factors of ADHD.

There’s no single test that can tell if you or your child has ADHD. A 2017 study highlighted the benefits of a new test to diagnose adult ADHD, but many clinicians believe an ADHD diagnosis can’t be made based on one test.

To make a diagnosis, a doctor will assess any symptoms you or your child has had over the previous 6 months.

您的医生可能会从老师或家庭成员那里收集信息，并可能使用清单和评分量表来检查症状。他们还将进行身体检查以检查其他健康问题。了解有关ADHD评级量表以及他们可以做什么和不能做什么的更多信息。

If you suspect that you or your child has ADHD, talk with a doctor about getting an evaluation. For your child, you can also talk with their school counselor. Schools regularly assess children for conditions that may be affecting their educational performance.

For the assessment, provide your doctor or counselor with notes and observations about you or your child’s behavior.

If they suspect ADHD, they may refer you or your child to an ADHD specialist. Depending on the diagnosis, they may also suggest making an appointment with a psychiatrist or neurologist.

Treatment for ADHD typically includesbehavioral therapies, medication, or both.

Types of therapy include心理治疗或谈话治疗。谈话治疗,你或你的child will discuss how ADHD affects your life and ways to help you manage it.

Another therapy type isbehavioral therapy。这种疗法可以帮助您或您的孩子学习如何监控和管理您的行为。

Medication当您使用多动症时，也可能会非常有帮助。ADHD药物旨在以使您能够更好地控制冲动和动作的方式影响大脑化学物质。

了解有关治疗选择和行为干预措施的更多信息，以帮助缓解多动症症状。

ADHD medication

The two main types of medications used to treat ADHD are stimulants and nonstimulants.

Central nervous system (CNS) stimulants are the most commonly prescribed ADHD medications. These drugs work by increasing the amounts of the brain chemicalsdopamineand norepinephrine.

Examples of these drugs include哌醋甲酯（利他蛋白酶）and amphetamine-based stimulants (adderall）。

If stimulants don’t work well or cause troublesome side effects for you or your child, your doctor may suggest a nonstimulant medication. Certain nonstimulant medications work by increasing levels of norepinephrine in the brain.

这些药物包括原子氨酸（Strattera）和一些抗抑郁药，例如bupropion (Wellbutrin)。

ADHD medications can have many benefits, as well as side effects.Learn more about medication options for adults with ADHD.

Natural remedies for ADHD

In addition to — or instead of — medication, several remedies have been suggested to help improve ADHD symptoms.

For starters, making lifestyle changes may help you or your child manage ADHD symptoms. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the following:

研究还表明 yoga , 太极 ， 和 在户外度过时光 可以帮助平息过度活跃的思想，并缓解多动症症状。

Mindfulness meditationis another option. 2015年的研究 has suggested meditation might improve attention in people with ADHD.

Avoiding certain allergens and food additives are also potential ways to help reduce ADHD symptoms.Learn more about these and other nondrug approaches to addressing ADHD.

You may have heard the terms “ADD” and “ADHD” and wondered what the difference is between them.

ADD, or attention deficit disorder, is an outdated term. It was previously used to describe people who have problems paying attention but are not hyperactive. The type of ADHD called “predominantly inattentive” is now used in place of ADD.

ADHD is the current overarching name of the condition. The term ADHD became official in May 2013 when the APA released the “诊断和Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5)。”

This manual is what doctors refer to when making diagnoses for mental health conditions.Get a better understanding of the difference between ADD and ADHD.

多于60 percentof children with ADHD still show symptoms as adults. For many people, hyperactivity symptoms often decrease with age, but inattentiveness and impulsivity may continue.

That said, treatment is important. Untreated ADHD in adults can have a negative impact on many aspects of life. Symptoms such as trouble managing time, forgetfulness, and impatience can cause problems at work, home, and in all types of relationships.

Find out more about the signs and symptoms of ADHD in adults and how they can impact your life.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , around 8.8 percent of people aged 3 to 17 years in the United States have had a diagnosis of ADHD at some time. This includes 11.7 percent of males and 5.7 percent of females.

儿童多动症通常与公关相关oblems at school. Children with ADHD often have difficulties in a controlled classroom setting.

Boys are more than twice as likely 作为女孩接受多动症诊断。这可能是因为男孩倾向于表现出多功能的标志性症状。尽管有些患有多动症的女孩可能具有多动症的经典症状，但许多女孩没有。

In many cases, girls with ADHD may:

  • daydream frequently
  • be hyper-talkative rather than hyperactive

多动症的许多症状可能是典型的童年行为，因此很难知道与ADHD相关的是什么，什么不是。了解有关如何在幼儿中识别多动症的更多信息。

While ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder, it’s not considered a learning disability. However, ADHD symptoms can make it harder for you to learn. Also, it’s possible for ADHD to occur in some people who also have learning disabilities.

为了减轻对儿童学习的任何影响，教师可以为患有多动症的学生制定个人准则。这可能包括给分配和测试或开发个人奖励系统的额外时间。

尽管从技术上讲这不是一种残疾，但是ADHD可能会产生终身影响。Learn more about the potential impacts of ADHD on adults and children and resources that can help.

People with ADHD sometimes have other mental health conditions, such asdepressionandanxiety。这些条件中的一些是由于ADHD生活的挑战所带来的。

Anxiety

患有多动症的人很难跟上日常任务，保持人际关系等等。这会增加焦虑的风险。

People with ADHD are also more likely to experience an anxiety disorder than those without ADHD, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 。

焦虑症包括：

  • separation anxiety, when you are afraid of being away from loved ones
  • social anxiety, which can make you afraid of going to school or other places where people socialize
  • generalized anxiety, when you’re afraid of bad things happening, of the future, and so on

Depression

If you or your child has ADHD, you’re more likely to have depression as well. In one study, around50 percentof adolescents hadmajor depression或焦虑症，而没有多动症的患者中有35％。研究表明 53.3 percent of adults with ADHD may also have depression.

This may feel like an unfair double whammy, but know that treatments are available for both conditions. In fact, the treatments often overlap. Talk therapy can help treat both conditions. Also, certain antidepressants, such as bupropion, can sometimes help ease ADHD symptoms.

Of course, having ADHD doesn’t guarantee you’ll have depression, but it’s important to know it’s a possibility.了解有关多动症与抑郁症之间联系的更多信息。

Conduct and behavior disorders

Behavior and conduct problems are more common among children with ADHD than those without. These disorders can arise when a person does not feel understood by those around them.

一个不理解的人可能会争论很多，发脾气或故意惹恼他人。这些可能是对立违抗性障碍。

Some people find they cannot help breaking rules or behaving aggressively toward others, maybe fighting, bullying, or perhaps taking things that do not belong to them. This is called品行障碍。

面对这些挑战的人可以接受治疗，但专家建议早日开始并确保治疗适合该人及其家人的需求。

学习障碍

一些患有多动症的儿童患有学习障碍，因此很难执行他们的学习任务。示例包括dyslexia, which makes reading difficult, or problems with numbers or writing.

这些挑战可能会使孩子在学校很难管理，并且他们可能会恶化焦虑和沮丧的感觉。尽早获得帮助对于尽量减少这些挑战的影响至关重要。

If you or your child has ADHD, a consistent schedule with structure and regular expectations may be helpful. For adults, some ways to help you stay organized are:

  • making lists
  • keeping a calendar
  • setting reminders

For children, it can be helpful to focus on writing down homework assignments and keeping everyday items, such as toys and backpacks, in assigned spots.

一般而言，了解有关该疾病的更多信息也可以帮助您学习如何管理它。组织这样的组织注意力缺陷多动障碍的儿童和成人或者Attention Deficit Disorder Associationprovide tips for management as well as the latest research.

Your doctor can provide more guidance in ways to manage your ADHD symptoms.Here are tips for helping your child with ADHD.

For children and adults, untreated ADHD can have a serious impact on your life. It can affect school, work, and relationships. Treatment is important to lessen the effects of the condition.

It’s still important to keep in mind that manypeople with ADHDenjoy fulfilling and successful lives. Some even appreciate thebenefits of the condition。

如果您认为自己或您的孩子可能患有多动症，那么您的第一步应该是与医生交谈。他们可以帮助确定多动症是您还是您的孩子的一个因素。您的医生可以帮助您制定治疗计划，以帮助您管理症状并与ADHD愉快。

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