Symptoms of Low Potassium (Hypokalemia)

Causes of potassium deficiency

While it’s generally rare to develop potassium deficiency, certain illnesses or other factors can cause it, including ( 1 , 2 , 6 , 7 ):

• Chronic diarrhea.This can be caused by the overuse of diuretics or laxatives, irritable bowel disease, or infections.
• Certain medications.这些可能包括β2受体激动剂,茶碱,我nsulin, diuretics, corticosteroids, and antimicrobials.
• Eating disorders.These include anorexia nervosa, purging, or laxative abuse.
• Under eating or malnutrition
• Cushing’s syndrome
• Hyperaldosteronism.This condition is characterized by excess aldosterone, a steroid hormone, in the blood.
• Kidney failure
• Kidney disorders.These include Bartter syndrome, Gitelman syndrome, and Fanconi syndrome.
• Hypomagnesemia.This is also called low magnesium levels.
• Refeeding syndrome
• Overconsumption of licorice
• Excessive sweating

If you’re taking certain medications for kidney disease, such asdiuretics, and you suspect your potassium is low, speak with a healthcare professional. They can review your blood tests and adjust your medications or diet as needed.

If you’ve experienced chronic fluid loss or have misused any medications, seek immediate medical attention.

Symptoms of potassium deficiency

Here are eight signs and symptoms of potassium deficiency.

Weakness and fatigue

Weakness and fatigue are often the first signs of potassium deficiency, for a few reasons.

First, potassium helps regulate muscle contractions. When bloodpotassiumlevels are low, your muscles produce weaker contractions ( 2 ).

Second, deficiency in this mineral may affect how your body uses nutrients in a way that can result in fatigue.

For example, some evidence shows that a deficiency could impair insulin production. This can result in high blood sugar levels and less available glucose, which functions as energy for your cells ( 4 ).

Summary

Since potassium helps regulate muscle contractions, deficiency may result in weaker contractions. A deficiency may impair your body’s handling of nutrients, like sugar, which can lead to fatigue.

Muscle weakness and cramps

Muscle crampsare sudden, uncontrolled contractions of the muscles. They can occur when blood potassium levels are low and can be painful ( 2 ).

Within skeletal muscle, potassium helps relay signals from your brain to stimulate contractions. It also helps end these contractions by leaving the muscle cells. When blood potassium levels are low, your brain cannot relay these signals as effectively ( 2 , 8 , 9 ).

This results in more prolonged contractions and is thought to contribute to muscle cramps. Cramps are unlikely to occur with mild or moderate hypokalemia, but they may happen with severe hypokalemia of less than 2.5 mmol/L of potassium ( 8 , 10 , 11 ).

In rare cases, severe hypokalemia can also cause rhabdomyolysis. This is a dangerous medical condition involving the breakdown of muscle tissue that releases damaging protein into the blood, potentially leading to organ damage ( 11 ).

In most cases, significant muscle weakness occurs with severe hypokalemia, though it can sometimes occur with acute onset of mild or moderate hypokalemia as well ( 1 ).

Summary

Potassium helps start and stop muscle contractions. Low blood potassium levels can affect this balance, causing uncontrolled and prolonged contractions known as cramps.

Digestive problems

While digestive problems have many causes, they may occur with severe hypokalemia.

Potassium helps relay signals from your brain to muscles located in the digestive system known as smooth muscle. These signals stimulate contractions that help your digestive system churn and propel food, so it can be digested ( 12 , 13 ).

With low potassium levels, contractions in the digestive system may become weaker and slow the movement of food. This could cause digestive problems, like bloating andconstipation.

In particular, constipation is most associated with severe hypokalemia ( 2 ).

Summary

Potassium deficiency may cause issues like bloating and constipation because it can slow the movement of food through the digestive system.

Abnormal heart beat

Potassium also plays a vital role in maintaining healthy heart muscle contractions ( 14 , 15 ).

This is because the flow of potassium in and out of heart cells helps regulate your heartbeat. Low blood potassium levels can alter this flow, resulting in abnormal heart rhythms known asheart arrhythmia( 14 , 15 , 16 ).

Heart arrhythmias can also be a sign of a serious heart condition. If you notice any abnormal changes to your heart rate, seek immediate medical attention.

Summary

Potassium plays a key role in regulating your heart rate. If levels are too low, it may lead to an irregular heartbeat known as heart arrhythmia, which can be a sign of a serious heart condition.

Breathing difficulties

A severe potassium deficiency can cause breathing difficulties.

Breathing requires multiple muscles, especially yourdiaphragm, to help the lungs inhale and exhale air.

When blood potassium levels are severely low, your lungs may not expand and contract properly, resulting in shortness of breath ( 17 ).

Severe potassium deficiency may even stop the lungs from working, which is fatal ( 18 ).

One study found that people with low or high blood potassium levels — called hypokalemia and hyperkalemia, respectively — were at significantly higher risk of in-hospital respiratory failure and the need for a ventilator compared with people with healthy potassium levels ( 18 )

Summary

Potassium helps the lungs expand and contract, so potassium deficiency may result in shortness of breath.

Tingling and numbness

Though more common in people with high potassium, or hyperkalemia, those with potassium deficiency may also experience persistent tingles and numbness ( 19 ).

This is known asparesthesia通常出现在手中,手臂s, legs, and feet.

Potassium is important for healthy nerve function. Low blood levels can weaken nerve signals and result in tingling and numbness ( 2 ).

While occasionally experiencing these symptoms is harmless — like if your foot falls asleep from lack of movement or sitting in an awkward position — persistent tingles and numbness may be a sign of an underlying condition.

If you experience this, it’s best to contact a doctor.

Summary

Persistent tingling and numbness may be a sign of impaired nerve function due to potassium deficiency. If you experience this, it’s best to contact a healthcare professional.

Polyuria (frequent urination)

Polyuria is a condition where you pee more than usual ( 20 ).

The kidneys are responsible for balancing your body’s fluid and electrolyte levels and removing any waste through the urine ( 21 ).

Low potassium levels may impair your kidneys’ ability to concentrate urine and balance the blood’s electrolyte levels, leading to increased urination. You may also notice increased thirst, known aspolydipsia( 2 , 5 ).

Excessive urination may lead to lower levels of potassium. Therefore, it’s important to speak with a healthcare professional if you notice a sudden change in how often you urinate.

Summary

In some cases, low potassium may impair your kidney’s ability to regulate your body’s fluid and electrolyte balance. As such, you may feel the need to urinate more often.

High blood pressure

Having the perfect balance ofelectrolytesis important for maintaining healthy blood pressure.

You may be aware that consuming too much sodium can increase blood pressure in some people. Yet, few people know that too little potassium in the diet can have the same effect.

Potassium helps your kidneys get rid of excess sodium via urine. If there isn’t enough potassium in the blood, the kidneys reabsorb sodium back into the bloodstream, potentially leading to high blood pressure over time ( 22 , 23 ).

This most often occurs with a low dietary intake of potassium — and specifically with hypokalemia ( 1 , 22 , 23 ).

Therefore, getting enough potassium in your diet may be a way to maintain healthy blood pressure in some individuals.

If you have high blood pressure, it’s best to talk with a healthcare professional about monitoring and treatment.

Summary

Potassium plays a key role in regulating sodium levels in your body. When your potassium levels are low, your kidneys retain more sodium in the body, which can lead to increased blood pressure.

How to treat hypokalemia

In most cases, hypokalemia will need to be treated by a healthcare professional.

Mild to moderate hypokalemia is typically treated with oral potassium supplements. In some cases, your healthcare professional may also need to adjust any other medications or treat underlying causes, like diarrhea, vomiting, or eating disorders ( 1 , 19 ).

A potassium-rich diet is usually not enough to treat hypokalemia, since most potassium in food is paired with phosphate, not potassium chloride. Hypokalemia often also involves a chloride deficiency, so it’s best to treat both deficiencies with potassium chloride supplements ( 1 , 19 ).

Usually, 60–80 mmol of supplements per day for a few days to weeks is sufficient for treating mild to moderate hypokalemia. That said, always follow the recommendations of your healthcare professional ( 1 , 19 ).

In severe hypokalemia cases, intravenous (IV) treatment may be recommended. This should be strictly monitored by a healthcare professional due to the high risk of rebound hyperkalemia, or high potassium, which can be fatal ( 1 , 19 ).

Summary

Hypokalemia usually requires oral supplementation or IV therapy to restore levels. While eating a potassium-rich diet is encouraged, it often will not restore your potassium levels on its own.

Should you take potassium supplements?

Unless otherwise advised by a healthcare professional, self-treatment of hypokalemia with over-the-counter (OTC) potassium supplements is not recommended.

Mild to moderate hypokalemia is often treated with potassium chloride supplements, usually ranging from 60–80 mmol per day. This dosage can often replenish potassium levels without the risk of rebound hyperkalemia ( 1 , 5 ).

However, potassium supplements may irritate the lining of the bowel, leading to bleeding or ulceration. Therefore, they should be taken with food and water ( 1 , 5 ).

In the United States, most OTC potassium-only supplements are limited to 99 mg, largely due to concerns of bowel irritation. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also requires that certain potassium salts are labeled with a warning about bowel lesions ( 1 , 5 ,24).

Taking too much potassium can cause excess amounts of the mineral to build up in the blood, a condition known ashyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia may cause heart arrhythmia or other serious heart conditions that can be fatal ( 25 ).

Unless they’re prescribed by your healthcare professional, and you’re being closely monitored, avoid taking potassium-only supplements.

Summary

It’s not recommended to take OTC potassium supplements unless advised and monitored by a healthcare professional.

Sources of potassium

Though diet alone usually will not resolve hypokalemia, it’s still beneficial to increase your intake ofpotassium-rich foods, like fruits, vegetables, beans, and nuts.

In 2019, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) updated the reference daily intakes (RDI) for potassium, concluding that insufficient data supports the previous recommendation of 4,700 mg of potassium per day for adults ( 26 ).

As such, they developed adequate intakes (AI) based on age and sex. Currently, the AI for potassium is 2,600 mg and 3,400 mg per day for women and men, respectively ( 26 ).

Regardless, because only 85–90% of potassium is absorbed from food, the percent of the Daily Value (DV) listed on food labels remains at 4,700 mg. Keep this in mind to help you ensure you’re getting enough ( 5 , 27 ).

Here’s a table of foods that are excellent sources of potassium ( 5 ):

While increasing your potassium intake won’t likely raise your low potassium levels, eating a potassium-rich diet is still beneficial to your health.

Summary

Potassium is found in a variety of whole foods, especially fruits, vegetables, beans, lentils, and dairy products. Currently, the AI for potassium is 3,400 mg for men and 2,600 mg for women.

The bottom line

Few people meet the daily recommended potassium intake, which is 3,400 mg for men and 2,600 mg for women.

Nevertheless, hypokalemia is rarely caused by dietary deficiency alone. It can be caused by a number of factors, including fluid loss, malnutrition, shock, using certain medications, and medical conditions like kidney failure.

Common signs and symptoms of potassium deficiency include weakness and fatigue, muscle cramps, muscle aches and stiffness, tingles and numbness, heart palpitations, breathing difficulties, digestive symptoms, and changes inblood pressure.

If you think you’re deficient, contact a healthcare professional. Potassium deficiency can have serious health consequences.

If you notice any sudden changes in your breathing or heartbeat, seek immediate medical attention.

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