Shortening is a type of fat used in cooking and baking.

它通常是由氢化植物油制成的,在美国厨房中的使用历史悠久,可以追溯到1900年代初。

但是,由于其高反式脂肪的含量很高,在过去的几十年中,缩短就不受欢迎。现在,在美国禁止反式脂肪,但是,已经重新阐明了不含这些脂肪的酥油( 1 )。

那么,您还应该避免缩短吗?本文介绍了研究,解释了什么是缩短以及它如何影响您的健康。

什么是缩短?

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The term “shortening” technically refers to any脂肪类型在室温下,包括黄油,人造黄油和猪油。

可以用动物脂肪或植物油进行缩短,但是今天可用的大多数缩短是由大豆,棉籽或棕榈油等植物油制成的。

Because these vegetable oils are liquid at room temperature, they must go through a unique manufacturing process called hydrogenation to become solid at room temperature ( 2 )。

直到最近,缩短含有部分氢化油 - 一种类型的反式脂肪。

However, the Food and Drug Administration completely banned trans fats in the United States as of January 2020 because they can disrupt cell membrane function, leading to an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and nervous system dysfunction ( 1 , 3 )。

仍使用氢化进行缩短,但是这些油是完全氢化的,而不是部分氢化,因此没有反式脂肪( 2 )。

This hydrogenation process fully saturates the vegetable oil molecules with hydrogen ions until they have the characteristic firmness of saturated fats (like butter, lard, and coconut oil) at room temperature ( 2 )。

Shortening uses

缩短用于烹饪和烘烤的特定目的。您可能听说过CRISCO,这是自1911年以来一直存在的著名缩短品牌。

Shortening and other solid fats are preferable to liquid oils in baking applications like cookies, pie crusts, and cakes to create a tender, flaky end product.

在正常混合和烘烤期间,小麦面粉的麸质链伸展并形成一个矩阵。这使烘焙食品像面包一样具有耐嚼,弹性的质地。

但是,当像缩短这样的脂肪在烘烤前切成面粉时,它会覆盖面筋链,防止它们延长并形成坚硬的基质。这会导致嫩,易碎和片状的产品(4)。

麸质链的缩短是缩短的名字。

尽管黄油和猪油可以取得相同的结果,但蔬菜缩短较便宜,更稳定。

直到最近,它也被认为更健康,因为它的饱和脂肪比黄油和猪油少。但是,我们现在知道,高度加工的缩短不提供与黄油或猪油相比的健康优势,实际上可能是一种营养不良的选择( 5 , 6 )。

缩短不仅是用于烘烤的,而且通常是使用油或其他类型的脂肪来油炸。

概括

缩短用于烘烤以使糕点具有嫩质量。许多人使用缩短,因为它比其他类型的脂肪便宜,脂肪更高,更稳定。

缩短营养

Unlike butter and margarine, which contain approximately 80% fat, with the remainder being water, shortening is 100% fat ( 7 , 8 )。

因此,它很高卡路里并且既不包含碳水化合物也没有蛋白质。它还含有很少的维生素和矿物质。

例如,一汤匙(12克)CRISCO全蔬菜缩短包含( 9 ):

  • 卡路里:110
  • 总脂肪:12克
  • 不饱和脂肪:3.5克
  • 饱和脂肪:2.5 grams
  • 蛋白质:0克
  • Carbs:0克
概括

与其他一些类型的脂肪不同,缩短含有100%的脂肪。因此,它的卡路里非常高,维生素和矿物质的含量很低。

When oils are fully hydrogenated, they are completely changed from unsaturated fats to饱和脂肪,因此没有产生反式脂肪。然而,充分的氢化会导致非常硬的脂肪,不再具有柔软,可扩展的质地。

Therefore, fully hydrogenated oils are commonly blended with liquid oil in a process called interesterification, which results in a spreadable texture ( 2 )。

The health effects of interesterified fats are still largely unknown. There simply hasn’t been enough research yet to know how these fats affect our health in the long term ( 10 )。

但是,不幸的是,最近关于兴趣脂肪影响的大鼠研究看起来很严峻。

在一项研究中,研究人员发现,这些脂肪促进了大鼠的炎症,脂肪细胞增大和脂肪肝病。另一项研究指出,饮食中兴趣的脂肪促进了脂肪增加,同时损害了大鼠的血糖控制( 11 , 12 )。

另一方面,一项审查调查了兴趣消耗脂肪对人类的影响,没有任何不良影响。但是,需要对人类进行更多的研究,因此我们可以更好地了解这些脂肪的健康影响( 13 )。

Regardless, shortening is still highly processed and is typically used only to make fried foods or pastries that are high in added fat and sugar.

因此,虽然可以偶尔享受包含缩短的零食,但限制您整体上缩短的使用是一个好主意。

概括

必须将完全氢化的蔬菜脂肪与液体脂肪混合以散布。这些兴趣的脂肪可能会导致健康问题。缩短是经过高度处理的,通常仅用于制造高脂肪和精制碳水化合物的食物。

缩短的替代方案

In addition to limiting your intake of foods that contain shortening, you can replace shortening with alternatives in recipes.

黄油

黄油is probably the most popular alternative to shortening. Many people actually prefer butter because of the rich flavor it adds. It’s also solid at room temperature, so it’s perfect for pie crusts, pastries, and cookies, which require solid fat.

有些人犹豫使用黄油,因为它自然含有饱和脂肪。过去,健康专家声称,吃饱和脂肪与心脏病的风险更高有关( 14 )。

However, several recent scientific reviews have not found that link, with some evidence suggesting there is no link between saturated fat intake and heart disease ( 15 , 16 )。

尽管如此,由于信息有所不同,因此您可以遵循美国心脏协会的建议,即您的日常卡路里只有5%至6%来自饱和脂肪( 17 )。

这意味着,如果你反对sume about 2,200 calories daily, no more than 132 of them should be from saturated fat.

黄油是大多数食谱中缩短的合适替代品。请注意,黄油中的少量水可能会导致质地略有不同。

澄清的黄油或酥油几乎没有水,也是一个很好的选择( 18 )。

棕榈或椰子油缩短

Coconut and unrefined palm oils are naturally high in saturated fat, so they are solid at room temperature. This solid, spreadable texture makes them easy replacements for shortening ( 19 , 20 )。

现在,许多品牌出售由纯棕榈或椰子油制成的替代缩短,可以以1对1的比例取代缩短。

此外,椰子油可能有一些对健康的益处.

But these options aren’t without drawbacks. Coconut oil may give foods a nutty or coconut flavor, and palm oil has come under fire because harvesting it has negative effects on the environment ( 21 )。

其他植物油

Most plant oils are high in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats and are therefore liquid at room temperature — so they’re a good choice only in recipes that call for melted shortening.

在饼外壳等食谱中,将固体脂肪切成面粉,液态油不会给您带来相同的片状效果。在烘烤中,使用液体油代替缩短可能会导致产品过于牢固并且具有不均匀的谷物(22)。

一些研究表明,用不饱和脂肪代替饮食中的饱和脂肪可能会降低您患心脏病的风险( 23 )。

但是,不幸的是,许多植物油富含omega-6脂肪酸,这可能会导致那些还没有得到足够的omega-3脂肪酸的人的炎症(在脂肪鱼,chia种子和亚麻籽等食物中发现)()( 24 )。

鳄梨油,橄榄油和椰子油是其中的一些最好的植物油for cooking and baking.

概括

You can replace shortening with alternatives like butter, coconut oil, palm oil, or other healthy plant oils.

Due to the recent ban on trans fats, shortening is now trans fat-free. However, shortening is still highly processed, and the interesterification process now used to create spreadable shortening may have its own set of health risks.

Additionally, shortening is high in calories and offers no nutritional benefits.

Therefore, it’s a good idea to limit your intake of shortening and use healthier alternatives when possible — like butter, olive oil, avocado oil, or coconut oil.

就一件事

Try this today:狂热的面包师?下次您制作一个需要缩短的食谱时,用黄油交换。黄油是一种最少加工的全食成分,可以产生片状,嫩的糕点以及缩短罐头。(基于植物的?改用椰子油。)