真菌可以在各种环境中找到全世界。大多数真菌不会引起人们的疾病。然而，一些物种可以感染人类并引起疾病。

抗真菌药物是用于治疗的药物真菌感染。虽然大多数真菌感染影响皮肤和指甲等地区，但有些可能导致更严重和潜在的危及生命情况脑膜炎要么肺炎。

There are several types of antifungal drugs available to fight fungal infections.

Generally speaking, antifungal drugs can work in two ways: by directly killing fungal cells or by preventing fungal cells from growing and thriving. But how do they do this?

抗真菌药物在真菌细胞中必需但不在人体细胞中必需的抗真菌药物靶标结构或功能，因此它们可以在不损害您的身体细胞的情况下对抗真菌感染。

Two structures that are commonly targeted are the fungal cell membrane and the fungal cell wall. Both of these structures surround and protect the fungal cell. When either one becomes compromised, the fungal cell can burst open and die.

抗真菌药物非常多样化。它们可以口服，作为局部治疗，或通过IV.。How an antifungal drug is given depends on factors like the specific drug, the type of infection you have, and the severity of your infection.

抗真菌药物也通过其化学结构进行分类。下面，我们将讨论不同类型的抗真菌药物，并赋予它们治疗的感染类型的一些例子。

Azoles.

艾兹尔斯是一些最常用的抗真菌。它们干扰一种对产生真菌细胞膜很重要的酶。因此，细胞膜变得不稳定并且可以泄漏，最终导致细胞死亡。

There are two subgroups of azole antifungals: imidazoles and triazoles.

Examples of imidazole antifungals and the conditions they treat are:

  • 酮康唑:皮肤和头发的感染，念珠菌感染的皮肤和粘膜，裂缝瘤，histoplasmosis
  • 克拉咪唑：皮肤和mucous membrane infections
  • 咪康唑：皮肤和mucous membrane infections

三唑的一些例子和他们治疗的条件是：

  • 氟康唑:念珠菌感染，包括粘膜，全身和侵袭性感染;隐菌炎
  • Itraconazole：曲柄症，裂缝腺瘤，组织质，粘膜念珠菌infections,球状异染症（off-label），和甲霉素症
  • Posaconazole：曲柄症（治疗标签），粘膜和侵袭性念珠菌infections
  • Voriconazole：曲霉病，粘膜或侵袭性念珠菌infections, infections withFusarium物种
  • isavuconazole：曲霉病和粘膜霉病

Polyenes

通过使真菌细胞壁更多孔，聚烯酶通过使真菌细胞壁杀死真菌细胞，这使得真菌细胞容易发生爆裂。

多烯抗真菌的一些例子是：

  • Amphotericin B:various formulations are available to treat aspergillosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis (off-label), mucosal or invasive念珠菌感染和球虫病
  • Nystatin：念珠菌皮肤和嘴巴的感染

Allylamines

Like the azole antifungals, allylamines interfere with an enzyme that’s involved in the creation of the fungal cell membrane. One example of an allylamine is terbinafine, which is often used to treat fungal infections of the skin.

Echinocandins

Echinocandins是一种新型的抗真菌药物。它们抑制了涉及真菌细胞壁的酶。

Echinocandins的一些例子是：

  • Anidulafungin：粘膜和侵袭性念珠菌infections
  • Caspofungin：粘膜和侵袭性念珠菌感染，曲霉病
  • Micafungin：粘膜和侵袭性念珠菌infections

Miscellaneous

There are also some other types of antifungal medications. These have mechanisms different from the types we’ve discussed above.

氟葡萄酒是一种防止真菌细胞制备核酸和蛋白质的抗真菌醛。因此，细胞不能再生长和茁壮成长。氟藻胺可用于治疗系统性感染念珠菌要么Cryptococcus物种。

Griseofulvinworks to prevent the fungal cell from dividing to produce more cells. It can be used to treat infections of the skin, hair, and nails.

有许多类型的真菌感染。通过与环境中存在的真菌或真菌孢子接触，可以获得真菌感染。

Some of the most common fungal infections are those of the skin, nails, and mucous membranes. Examples include:

更严重的真菌感染

也有一些不太常见但更严重的真菌感染可能导致真菌肺炎,真菌脑膜炎，甚至是系统性感染。

Examples of fungal species that can cause more serious infections include:

The symptoms of some of the common types of fungal infections can include:

  • 癣of the body:躯干，胳膊或腿上的鳞片状，可能发痒的环形皮疹
  • 头皮的癣：头皮上的本地化鳞片状斑块，脓疱或斑块是发痒的，可能是嫩的，导致脱发
  • Athlete’s foot:脚底鳞片状皮肤
  • 股癣：an itchy, red rash that appears in your groin area and on your inner thighs
  • Nail fungus:nails that become discolored, brittle, and deformed
  • 阴道酵母菌感染:itching, redness, and swelling in the vaginal area — thick white vaginal discharge and a burning sensation when urinating may also occur
  • 鹅口疮:development of white lesions in your mouth that may also be red and painful

症状of more serious fungal infections

一些更严重的真菌感染的症状取决于真菌的种类造成感染和受影响的身体面积的症状。

他们可以包括：

如果：

  • over-the-counter (OTC) antifungals haven’t worked to relieve the symptoms of infections like ringworm, nail fungus, or a vaginal yeast infection
  • 无法解释的白色病变在嘴里发育
  • 你有一个发烧，流感样症状，或恶化的皮疹和/或你怀疑真菌感染

您应该始终寻求及时的医疗注意力有些症状

这些包括：

抗真菌药物用于治疗真菌感染。它们针对真菌独特的过程和结构，以杀死真菌细胞或防止它们生长。

有许多类型的抗真菌药物，它们可以以几种不同的方式给出。使用的药物类型和施用的方式可以取决于药物和感染的类型和严重程度。

While many types of fungal infections are easily treated, some can be serious. See your doctor if a fungal infection doesn’t go away with OTC treatment or if you suspect you have a more serious fungal infection.