卵巢癌is a kind of cancer that begins in the ovaries. People born of the female sex are usually born with twoovaries，在每一边uterus。卵巢很小 - 关于杏仁的大小 - 他们负责许多生殖功能。
卵巢癌can be very difficult to detect and diagnose, as many of its症状are similar to those caused by far less serious problems, like indigestion and bloating. There are often no signs or symptoms of early ovarian cancer, and some cases aren’tdiagnoseduntil the cancer has spread to the abdomen or another part of the pelvis.
超越卵巢的卵巢癌是非常难以理解的。据说，当癌症留在卵巢中时，医生有更好的机会用手术和化疗成功地治疗。
Learn more about the specifics of ovarian cancer.
There are over30种of ovarian cancer, and they’re classified by the cell type from which they begin. Ovaries are made up of three main kinds of cells:
- 上皮肿瘤
- stromal tumors
- germ cell tumors
Epithelial tumors
Epithelial tumors can be either benign, or very dangerous. About
基质肿瘤
This kind of ovarian cancer begins in the tissue that contains hormone-producing cells. They’re also called sex cord-stromal tumors. According to the Mayo Clinic, about7 percent卵巢癌是基质。
Germ cell tumors
Germ cell tumors are a rare form of ovarian cancer that starts in egg-producing cells. They usually occur in younger people.
个人患有卵巢癌的终身风险是关于
Fortunately, according to the
Ethnicity specifics
死于卵巢癌诊断和多样for people born of the female sex depending on race and ethnicity. Between 1999 and 2014, white individuals were more likely to be diagnosed with or die due to ovarian cancer than those from any other ethnic groups.
Black individuals were the next group, followed by Hispanics, Asian American and Pacific Islanders, and people of American Indian or Alaska Native descent.
有许多因素可能会增加卵巢癌的风险。但是，仅仅因为个人可能适合这些类别并不意味着他们会发展这种疾病。下面是发育最常见的类型，上皮性卵巢癌的已知风险：
Age
卵巢癌可以在女性生活中的任何一点中发展，但对于40岁以下的人来说很少见。根据
Obesity
Obese individuals, or those with a body mass index (BMI) of at least 30, have an increased risk of ovarian cancer (and other types of cancer).
Inherited genes
一个遗传基因突变可能是责备百分比的卵巢癌。已被称为乳腺癌基因1（BRCA1）和乳腺癌基因2（BRCA2）的基因已显示出显着提高卵巢癌的风险。
家史
Inherited genes aren’t the only way your family may impact your risk for ovarian cancer. If your mother, sister, or daughter had or have ovarian cancer, your risk increases.
乳腺癌的个人历史
If you have been diagnosed withbreast cancer, you may also have an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer.
Hormone replacement therapy
Long-term and high-dose use of雌激素激素替代疗法increases your risk for ovarian cancer. The risk may be higher for individuals who take estrogen alone, without progesterone, for at least
Reproduction
成为的个人pregnantand carry the pregnancy to full-term before the age of 26 are less likely to develop ovarian cancer than people who have never been pregnant. The risk is further decreased with subsequent full-term pregnancies, as well as withbreastfeeding。成为的个人pregnant for the first time and carry the pregnancy to full-term after the age of 35 have been found more likely to develop ovarian cancer. A higher risk is found in those who never carried a pregnancy to term, too.
Fertility treatment
Individuals who have undergone any type of生育治疗卵巢癌的风险增加。
Birth control use
People who have usedoral contraceptivesactually have a lower risk of ovarian cancer. The longer you use the pills, the lower your risk. However, oral contraceptive use is also associated with an increased risk of
Understand the risk factors, including age, pregnancy, and family history.
Researchers have identified the risk factors above, but a definitive cause of ovarian cancer isn’t yet known. One theory is that排卵frequency may impact ovarian cancer risk. People who ovulate less often may have a lower risk than those who ovulate more. Another theory suggests male hormones, or androgens, can cause ovarian cancer.
These theories and others remain unproven. However, researchers have identified two common themes in ovarian cancer. Both are related to a person’s genes.
Inherited genetic mutations
Individuals who have the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations have an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer. Other mutated genes may also impact a person’s ovarian cancer risk.
Acquired genetic mutations
一个other theory is that a person’s DNA can be altered during their lifetime, and these mutations can increase their risk for ovarian cancer. Environmental impacts, radiation, or exposure to cancer-causing chemicals or substances may cause these mutations.
然而，研究人员尚未确定这些获得的基因突变与个体卵巢癌风险之间的共同联系。
While early-stage ovarian cancer does have症状, they can often be mistaken for benign conditions likeconstipationorirritable bowel syndrome。癌症经常进展高级阶段在它最终检测到并诊断之前。
在几乎所有病例中，早期检测到的卵巢癌可以成功治疗。
卵巢癌的症状包括：
- 肠习惯的变化，包括frequent
constipation - abdominal bloating and swelling
- 经常小便或感觉的需要
urinate urgently - feeling full quickly when eating
- unexplained weight loss
- general discomfort in your pelvic area
- 疼痛期间
性交 - upset stomach
- 一般疲劳
- changes in your menstrual cycle
当这些症状是由卵巢癌引起的时候，他们通常持久地和与您通常经历的症状不同。如果您在一个月内有超过12次的症状，您应该与妇科医生发言。
为了诊断卵巢癌或将其排除为您的症状的原因，您的医生将进行彻底的检查。
During the physical exam, your doctor will ask you about the symptoms you’ve been experiencing and any family history of diseases that may impact your personal health. Doctors also have a number of tests they may use for diagnosis, including:
- Imaging tests.Your doctor may request
one or more imaging tests. These tests include ultrasounds, CT scans, MRIs, and
PET scans. If your doctor suspects you have a tumor, these tests can help
确定肿瘤是多少，生长的大大大，癌症阶段。 - Blood tests.Certain ovarian cancers
释放叫做蛋白质CA-125。
Blood tests can detect the presence of this protein. - Biopsy.In order to further test any
可疑的斑点或肿瘤，您的医生可以从您的中移除组织样本
abdomen or pelvis in what’s called abiopsy。It allows your
doctor to check for the presence of ovarian cancer.
If these tests confirm their suspicions and you do have cancer, your doctor may choose to perform surgery to remove the cancerous area.
After an individual is diagnosed with ovarian cancer, doctors try to determine how much and how far it has spread in a process called staging. There are four stages of ovarian cancer, and they represent where the cancer cells are located. Some of the later sub-stages are determined by tumor size as well.
为了确定癌症的阶段，您的医生将采用卵巢，骨盆和腹部的几种组织样本。如果在任何或所有样本中检测到癌症，您的医生可以确定它传播和先进多远。
- 阶段1:卵巢癌in stage 1 is
contained to one or both ovaries. It hasn’t spread to nearby lymph nodes. - 阶段2:卵巢癌in stage 2 is in
one or both ovaries and has spread to other organs in the pelvis. These organs
可能包括子宫，膀胱，直肠或输卵管。 - 阶段3:卵巢癌in stage 3 has
spread beyond the ovaries and pelvis, and into the abdomen, abdominal lining,
or nearby lymph nodes. - 第4阶段：阶段
4 ovarian cancer是卵巢癌的末期阶段。癌症在这方面
stage has spread beyond the abdomen. It may have reached the spleen, lungs, or
liver.
Treatment options for ovarian cancer depend on its stage and your overall health. Usually, the main types of treatment involve surgery and chemotherapy.
Surgery
Surgery is the primary treatment for ovarian cancer. Removing the ovaries and fallopian tubes can treat most early-stage cases of ovarian cancer. If the cancer has spread into the pelvis, the uterus also may need to be removed. Neighboring lymph nodes and abdominal tissue may also need removal.
Later-stage ovarian cancer that has spread into the abdomen may require additional surgeries for cancerous organs or tissues.
If you’ve been diagnosed with ovarian cancer and you plan to have children, surgery may still be an option. Depending on your cancer and how far it has spread, your doctor may only need to remove one ovary.
化疗
在某些情况下，chemotherapyis the initial treatment option. Chemotherapy is a kind of drug therapy designed to destroy any rapidly dividing cells in the body, including cancer cells. Chemotherapy is sometimes used in conjunction with other treatments, including surgery.
替代卵巢癌治疗
There are additional treatments your doctor may recommend for you, including hormone therapy and radiation therapy.
- Hormone
治疗。Some types of ovarian cancers are sensitive to estrogen. Medications
can block the production of estrogen or prevent the body from responding to it.
这种治疗可能会减缓并可能阻止癌症的生长。 - 辐射
治疗。Inradiation
therapy，X射线或粒子束靶向并在其中杀死癌细胞
the cancer has spread. It’s often used in conjunction with surgery.
通过在类似情况下使用其他人的视角和经验，可以了解自己的预后可能是有用的。根据这一点
所有类型的卵巢癌的5年生存率为45％。
People diagnosed before age 65 have a higher survival rate than older individuals. Those diagnosed with early-stage ovarian cancer — specifically, stage 1 ovarian cancer — have a 5-year survival rate of 92 percent.
不幸的是，只有
Survival rates are broken down depending on the type of ovarian cancer: