概述

Heart disease是男女死亡的主要原因。Coronary artery disease (CAD)is the most common type of heart disease.

根据这一点 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , more than 370,000 people die from CAD each year in the United States. The most common cause of CAD is plaque buildup in the coronary arteries.

许多因素可以增加风险开发CAD。您可以控制其中一些因素。请继续阅读以了解更多信息。

风险因素您无法控制

It’s important to be aware of risk factors you can’t control, because you may be able to monitor their effects.

Age and gender

Your risk of CAD increases as you age. This is because plaque builds up over time. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute ，女性的风险在55岁时增加。男性的风险在45岁时增加。

CAD是美国男女中最常见的心脏病。根据A的情况2016 overview。差异在没有白人的人群中少。

The death rate among women increases after menopause. A woman’s risk of death from CAD is equal to or greater than the same risk for a man by age75.。

Some degree of cardiovascular disease at the level of the heart muscle and coronary arteries often occurs as people age. The condition is identifiable in more than 80 percent of adults over age 80, according to a 2007 review 。

当您年龄的年龄时，身体发生的变化会产生使心脏病易于发展的条件。例如，平滑动脉容器壁自然地具有粗糙表面，血流异常吸收斑块沉积物并引起动脉的加强。

Ethnicity

In the United States, heart disease is the leading cause of death for most ethnicities. According to the CDC , heart disease is second only to cancer as a cause of death among:

  • 美洲印第安人
  • Alaska Natives
  • Asian-Americans
  • Pacific Islanders

某些种族的心脏病风险高于其他种族。据美国卫生部和人类服务部（OMH），美国的非洲裔美国男女妇女患者死于内巴的白人和妇女，包括CAD，包括CAD，而不是非西班牙裔美国人在2010年。

Non-Hispanic white men and women have a significantly higher rate of death from heart disease than American Indians and Alaska Natives, according to theOMH。

The increased risk of heart disease in some ethnicities is associated with increased rates of high blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. These are risk factors for heart disease.

Family history

Heart disease may run in the family. According to theWorld Heart Federation, your heart disease risk increases if a close family member has heart disease. Your risk is further increased if your father or a brother received a diagnosis of heart disease before age 55, or if your mother or a sister received a diagnosis before age 65.

Additionally, if both of your parents had problems with heart disease before they were 55 years old, this will also significantly increase your risk for heart disease. You may also inherit a preponderance toward developing type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus, or some other disease or trait that increases your risk of CAD.

Risk factors you can control

CAD的许多危险因素是可控的。根据这一点 American Heart Association (AHA) ，您可以改变六种主要风险因素：

抽烟

Even if you have no other risk factors, smoking tobacco products first or secondhand, by itself, increases your risk of CAD. If you have coexisting risk factors, your CAD risk rises exponentially. It’s especially dangerous to smoke if you have a family history of heart disease or if you take certain避孕药。

异常胆固醇水平

Highlow-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol和低high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterolare factors that can indicate a serious risk for CAD. LDL is sometimes referred to as “bad” cholesterol. HDL is sometimes referred to as “good” cholesterol.

High levels of LDL and low levels of HDL increase your risk of plaque building up in your arteries. There’s additional risk when either one of these is accompanied by ahigh triglyceride level。

There are new cholesterol guidelines for adults regarding what are considered acceptable and normal cholesterol levels from the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association. The new guidelines also include the subsequent treatment approach when cholesterol levels are abnormal. Treatment takes into account if you have heart disease or risk factors for heart disease.

Your doctor will be able to check your different cholesterol levels in your bloodstream to see if they’re too high or low. If you have any type of cholesterol level abnormality, your doctor will be able to help you develop an effective treatment plan.

High blood pressure

Blood pressure is a measurement of pressure on the blood vessels when blood is flowing through them in relation to the heart’s motion of pumping or resting. Over time,high blood pressure, or hypertension, can cause the heart muscle to enlarge and not move correctly.

旨在保持血压 consistently below 120/80 mmHg 。收缩压是顶部数量。舒张压是底部数。

Stage 1 hypertension is defined as systolic blood pressure over 130 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure over 80 mmHg, or both. If you have high blood pressure, the AHA推荐 that you start with some lifestyle changes that can help lower it:

  • Losing weight if you’re overweight and maintain a healthy weight.
  • Exercise regularly.
  • Limit the amount of alcohol you consume.
  • 吃健康的饮食。
  • Don’t smoke tobacco.
  • Manage stress healthily。

If these lifestyle changes don’t lower your high blood pressure to the recommended range, you and your doctor may want to discussmedicationsthat can help lower your blood pressure.

身体不活动

运动有助于降低CAD的风险：

  • lowering blood pressure
  • raising HDL cholesterol
  • strengthening your heart so it works more efficiently

Exercise also helps you maintain a healthy weight and reduces your risk for other diseases, such as obesity and diabetes mellitus, which might lead to CAD.

Being overweight or obese

Being overweight or obese increases your risk of CAD dramatically. Carrying too much weight is often associated with high blood pressure or diabetes mellitus. It’s directly related to poor diet and physical activity habits.

超重或肥胖通常是定义在terms of body mass index (BMI). Your BMI, a measure of weight to height, should stay between 18.5 and 24.9. A BMI of 25 or greater, especially if you have excess weight around your midsection, increases your risk of CAD.

According to guidelines from the 啊哈 ，女性应该有35英寸下的腰围。男人应该有40英寸下的腰围。

Your BMI isn’t always a perfect indicator, but it can be useful. You can use an online BMI工具 or talk to your doctor about how your weight and overall health may affect your risk of developing CAD.

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus是您的身体无法正确使用胰岛素或不能制作足够胰岛素的病症。这导致你血液中的葡萄糖过多。CAD的其他风险因素经常陪伴type 2 diabetes， 包含obesityandhigh cholesterol。

你的空腹血糖应该小于100 mg/dL。Yourhemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)应小于5.7%。糖化血红蛋白是我asure of your average blood glucose control over the prior two to three months. If either your blood sugar or your HbA1c is any higher than those values, you have a greater risk of developing diabetes mellitus or may already have diabetes mellitus. This increases your risk for having CAD.

如果您有糖尿病，请与您的医生交谈并按照他们在控制中保持血糖的说明。

Contributing risk factors

某些行为也可以增加心脏病的风险，即使它们没有被归类为传统风险因素。例如，频繁使用某种法律和非法药物可以导致高血压和心力衰竭，心脏病发作或中风的风险增加。使用可卡因和安非他明会增加你发育心脏病的风险。

重饮酒也会增加心脏病风险。如果您饮用巨大或使用毒品，请考虑与您的医生或精神卫生提供者有关治疗或排毒计划的谈话，以避免潜在的危险健康并发症。

The first step is to know your risk factors. Even though you have no control over some of them — such as age and genetic factors — it’s still good to know about them. You can then discuss them with your doctor and monitor their effects.

You can change other factors. Here are some tips:

  • Ask your doctor to monitor your blood pressure and cholesterol levels. If they’re outside recommended levels, ask your doctor for suggestions about how you can help reduce them.
  • If you smoke tobacco products, make a plan to quit.
  • 如果您超重，请使用医生讨论减肥计划。
  • 如果您患有糖尿病，请咨询您的医生帮助创建一个计划以保持血糖水平的控制。

Managing your CAD risk factors can help you live a healthy, active life.