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Cancer是由异常细胞的快速分裂引起的一大群条件。化疗是一种治疗选项，涉及接受使癌细胞免于蔓延的药物。

化学疗法可以自身或其他治疗有效。但它也有可能导致轻度或严重的副作用。

超过一半的人接受化疗的人至少有一个副作用。最常见的副作用是：

  • fatigue
  • diarrhea
  • constipation

Keep reading as we break down the different types of chemotherapies used to treat cancer, and what to expect in terms of side effects.

化疗is a chemical drug therapy that’s often used to destroy cancer cells in your body.

化疗may be used as the primary treatment for your cancer, or it may be used to prepare you for other treatments such asradiation therapy或手术。

一 2017年研究 showed that the FDA approved at least 150 chemotherapy drugs to treat cancer. The type of drug your healthcare professional will recommend for your chemotherapy depends on factors such as:

  • 你的年龄
  • your overall health
  • the type of cancer you have
  • 癌症有多少传播
  • your previous treatments
  • 您的个人喜好

化疗药物基于其行动方式大致分类。主要类别包括：

  • 烷化剂
  • plant alkaloids (topoisomerase inhibitors and mitotic inhibitors)
  • anti-metabolites
  • 抗肿瘤抗生素
  • corticosteroids
  • miscellaneous other drugs

This table shows which cancers these types of chemotherapy are typically used for.

Type of chemotherapy Cancerit may be used to treat
烷化剂 多发性骨髓瘤Sarcoma.
Hodgkin’s disease
肺癌
乳腺癌
卵巢癌
plant alkaloids:
拓扑异构酶抑制剂		 leukemia
pancreatic cancer
卵巢癌
gastrointestinal cancer
肺癌
plant alkaloids:
mitotic inhibitors		 乳腺癌
肺癌
骨髓球菌
淋巴瘤
leukemia
anti-metabolite 乳腺癌
leukemia
卵巢癌
gastrointestinal cancer
抗肿瘤抗生素 肺癌
colorectal cancer
卵巢癌
前列腺癌症
corticosteroids may be used to treat cancer or prevent gastric side effects or allergic reactions from chemotherapy

下面我们更详细地看待每种类型的化疗，以及它们的潜在副作用。

According to the 国家癌症研究所 ，烷化剂是今天化疗中使用的最常见的药物类别。

Alkylating agents damage the DNA of cancer cells and prevent them from dividing. Some of the drugs that fall into this category include:

  • 氯镁
  • 环磷酰胺
  • Thiotepa.
  • Busulfan.

烷化剂可用于大多数类型的癌症，但通常在治疗缓慢生长的癌症中。

烷基化试剂可以帮助治疗的一些癌症包括：

植物生物碱是衍生自抗肿瘤性质植物的药物。它们可以分为几个子类别。

Topoisomerase inhibitors

Topoisomerase inhibitors block cancer cells from dividing and spreading by interfering with enzymes called topoisomerases. Some commonly used plant alkaloids include:

  • iRINOTECAN.
  • Topotecan.
  • 邻脂素

These drugs treat some cancers, including:

  • leukemia
  • pancreatic cancer
  • 卵巢癌
  • gastrointestinal cancer
  • 肺癌

拓扑异构酶抑制剂可以分为拓扑异构酶I和拓扑异构酶II，具体取决于它们影响的酶。

落入亚组称为Topoisomerase II抑制剂的药物可以增加您开发第二次癌症的风险。

有丝分裂抑制剂

Miotic inhibitors prevent cancer cells from replicating by inhibiting enzymes the cells needs to make certain proteins. Some examples include:

  • 卡基特克斯
  • 多西紫杉醇
  • vinorelbine.

恶毒症抑制剂可能有助于治疗：

  • 乳腺癌
  • 肺癌
  • 骨髓瘤
  • 淋巴瘤
  • leukemia

抗代谢物药物替代癌细胞DNA中的结构，改变细胞内酶的功能。落入此类别的一些药物包括：

  • 氮己酸酯
  • Clofarabine.
  • floxuridine

抗代谢物通常用于治疗这些癌症等：

Anti-tumor antibiotics are different from antibiotics used to treat infections. A 2020年研究评论 showed that anti-tumor antibiotics are chemicals produced by microorganisms that help destroy cancer cells.

抗肿瘤抗生素通过在癌细胞内的无碎裂的DNA股线作用，防止它们复制。以下药物属于此类别：

  • doxorubicin
  • 博莱霉素
  • mitoxantrone

它们被广泛用于治疗以下癌症等：

  • 肺癌
  • colorectal cancer
  • 卵巢癌
  • 前列腺癌症

Corticosteroids, or just steroids, are hormone-like drugs used in the treatment of many illnesses. They may be used during chemotherapy to directly treat cancer or help prevent gastric side effects and allergic reactions caused by other drugs.

皮质类固醇具有自己的副作用风险，如：

许多其他药物可用于化疗，这些药物不会落入以前的一个类别。其中一些包括：

  • hydroxyurea
  • mitotane
  • pegaspargase
  • estramustine
  • bexarotene

化学疗法可以自身使用或以及其他治疗方案来靶向癌症。以下是您的医疗保健专业人员可能推荐的其他一些治疗方法。

Targeted therapies

Targeted therapies旨在通过针对癌症独特的靶向杀死癌细胞的药物治疗方法：

  • 基因
  • 蛋白质
  • receptors

Unlike chemotherapy, targeted therapies specifically target cancer cells and mostly avoid damaging healthy cells.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapyis a drug therapy that boosts your immune system to help your body recognize and kill cancer cells.

与化疗,在immunothera化学品py drugs don’t directly kill cancer cells but enhance your body’s ability to fight them.

激素治疗

Some types of cancers need certain hormone levels to grow.激素疗法通过在身体中改变激素水平，有助于抑制癌细胞的生长。

Some types of cancer sensitive to hormone levels include:

Surgery

In some cases, the best option may be to remove the cancer from your body surgically. Surgery works best for cancers that are localized in one area.

放射治疗

放射治疗使用低剂量的辐射来损坏其DNA来杀死癌细胞。它不仅影响癌细胞，还影响健康细胞。它通常导致副作用，如：

  • 食欲不振
  • 恶心
  • fatigue

化疗is a chemical drug therapy that helps destroy cancer cells.

有许多药物可以在化疗过程中使用。您的医疗保健专业人员可以帮助您找到哪种药物最适合您的特定情况。

化疗can be used as the primary treatment for your cancer, or it may be combined with other treatments like:

  • 手术
  • immunotherapy
  • hormone therapy