There are few things more frightening than having or witnessing an anaphylactic reaction. Thesymptomscan go from bad to worse very quickly, and may include:

  • 呼吸困难
  • 麻疹
  • face
  • 呕吐
  • fast heartbeat
  • fainting

If you witness someone having anaphylactic symptoms, or you’re having symptoms yourself, call emergency services immediately.

If you’ve had a severe allergic reaction in the past, your doctor may have prescribed an emergency epinephrine injection. Getting a shot of emergency epinephrine as quickly as possible can save your life — but what happens after the epinephrine?

理想情况下，您的症状将开始改善。有时他们甚至可以完全解决。这可能会使您相信您不再处于危险之中。但是，事实并非如此。

A trip to the emergency room (ER) is still required, no matter how well you feel after youranaphylactic reaction.

Epinephrine usually relieves the most dangerous symptoms of anaphylaxis quickly — includingthroat swelling, trouble breathing, andlow blood pressure.

It’s the treatment of choice for anyone experiencing anaphylaxis. But you need to administer epinephrine in the first few minutes after the allergic reaction starts for it to be most effective.

Keep in mind that you should only give epinephrine to a person who’s been prescribed the medication. You should also follow the instructions carefully.Dosages vary, and individual medical conditions can affect how a person reacts to it.

For example, epinephrine could cause a心脏病发作in someone withheart disease. This is because it speeds up the heart rate and raises血压.

如果有人给出一个肾上腺素注射exposed to an allergic trigger and:

  • has trouble breathing
  • has swelling or tightness in the throat
  • feels dizzy

还向暴露于过敏性触发的儿童注射：

  • have passed out
  • vomit repeatedly after eating a food they’re严重的过敏to
  • are coughing a lot and having trouble catching their breath
  • 脸部和嘴唇肿胀
  • have eaten a food they’re known to be allergic to

Before using the auto-injector, read the instructions. Each device is a little bit different.

重要的

When you receive your epinephrine auto-injector prescription from the pharmacy, BEFORE you need it, examine it for any deformity. Specifically, look at the carrying case and be sure it is not warped and the auto-injector will slide out easily. Also, examine the safety cap (usually blue) and be sure it is not raised. It should be flush with the sides of the auto-injector. If any of your auto-injectors do not slide out of the case easily or have a safety cap that is slightly raised, take it back to the pharmacy for a replacement. These deformities can cause a delay in administering the medication, and any delay in an anaphylactic reaction can be life threatening. So again, BEFORE you need it, please examine the auto-injector and make sure there are no deformities.

In general, to give an epinephrine injection, follow the steps below:

  1. Slide the auto-injector out of the carrying case.
  2. Prior to use, the safety top (usually blue) must be removed. To do this properly, hold the body of the auto-injector in your dominant hand and with your other hand pull off the safety cap straight up with your other hand. DO NOT try to hold the pen in one hand and flip the cap off with the thumb of the same hand.
  3. 将喷油器放在拳头中，橙色尖指向下，手臂在您的侧面。
  4. Swing your arm out to your side (like you’re making a snow angel) then quickly down to your side so that the tip of the auto-injector goes directly into your thigh on the side with some force.
  5. 保持在那里，按下并保持3秒钟。
  6. Remove the auto-injector from your thigh.
  7. 将自动注射器放回案件中，然后立即前往最近医院的急诊室，由医生审查并处理您的自动注射器。

After you give the injection, call 911 or your local emergency services if you haven’t already done so. Tell the dispatcher about the anaphylactic reaction.

当你等待时for medical help to arrive, take these steps to keep yourself or the person who’s having the reaction safe:

  • 去除过敏的来源。例如，如果蜜蜂蜇引起反应，使用信用卡或镊子去除毒刺。
  • If the person feels like they’re about to faint or they’re fainting, lay the person flat on their back and raise their legs so that blood can get to their brain. You can cover them with a blanket to keep them warm.
  • If they’re throwing up or having trouble breathing, especially if they are pregnant, sit them up and even a little forward if possible, or lay them on their side.
  • 如果该人失去知觉，则将其头向后倾斜，以使他们的气道未关闭并检查脉冲。如果没有脉搏并且该人没有呼吸，请两个快速呼吸并开始心肺复苏式胸部压缩.
  • 给其他药物，例如抗组胺药或吸入器，如果是wheezing.
  • 如果症状没有改善，请给该人再次注射肾上腺素。剂量应相隔5到15分钟。

An injection of emergency epinephrine could save a person’s life after an anaphylactic reaction. However, the injection is only one part of the treatment.

每个患有过敏反应的人都需要在急诊室进行检查和监测。这是因为过敏反应并不总是单一反应。症状可以反弹，在注射肾上腺素后几小时甚至几天。

Most cases of anaphylaxis happen quickly and fully resolve after they’re treated. However, sometimes the symptoms get better and then start again a few hours later. Sometimes they don’t improve hours or days later.

Anaphylactic reactions happen in three different patterns:

  • 单型反应。这种反应是最常见的。症状暴露于过敏原后的30分钟到一个小时内达到顶峰。症状在一个小时内，有或没有治疗后会变得更好，并且不会恢复。
  • Biphasic reaction.Biphasic reactions当症状消失一个小时或更长时间时发生，但随后返回而不会重新暴露于过敏原。
  • Protracted anaphylaxis.这种过敏反应相对罕见。反应可以持续数小时甚至几天，而无需完全解决。

Recommendations来自Joint Task Force (JTF) on Practice Parameters建议在ER中监测过过敏反应的人4至8小时。

The task force also recommends that they be sent home with a prescription for an epinephrine auto-injector — and an action plan on how and when to administer it — due to the possibility of a recurrence.

反弹过敏反应的风险使适当的医学评估和后果至关重要，即使对于那些在接受肾上腺素治疗后感觉良好的人也是如此。

When you go to the emergency department to be treated for anaphylaxis, the doctor will do a full考试. The medical staff will check your breathing and give you oxygen if needed.

If you continue to wheeze and have trouble breathing, you may be given other medications by mouth,静脉注射, or with an inhaler to help you breathe more easily.

These medications can include:

You’ll also get more epinephrine if you need it. You’ll be carefully observed and given immediate medical attention if your symptoms come back or get worse.

反应非常严重的人可能需要breathing tube或手术以打开呼吸道。那些对肾上腺素不反应的人可能需要通过静脉服用这种药物。

成功治疗过敏反应后，您的目标应该是避免另一个反应。最好的方法是远离过敏扳机。

如果您不确定是什么原因引起了反应，请查看过敏症患者skin prickor验血识别您的触发因素。

如果您对a certain food, read product labels to make sure you don’t eat anything containing it. When you eat out, let the server know about your allergies.

如果您对insects, wear an insect repellant whenever you go outdoors in the summer and stay well covered with long sleeves and long pants. Consider lightweight clothing options for the outdoors that keep you covered but cool.

Never swat atbees,wasps, or hornets. This may cause them to sting you. Instead, slowly move away from them.

如果您对medication, tell every doctor that you visit about your allergy, so they don’t prescribe that drug for you. Also let your pharmacist know. Consider wearing a medical alert bracelet to let emergency responders know that you have a drug allergy.

Always carry an epinephrine auto-injector with you, in case you do encounter your allergy trigger in the future. If you haven’t used it in a while, check the date to make sure that it hasn’t expired.