Does ‘Calories in vs. Calories out’ Really Matter?

What’s the ‘calories in, calories out’ model?

The “calories in versus calories out” model is based on the idea that to maintain a stable weight, the number of calories you eat needs to match the number you expend.

“Calories in” refers to the calories you get from the foods you eat, while “calories out” is the number of calories you burn.

There are three main bodily processes that burn calories:

• Basic metabolism.Your body uses most of the calories you get from food to sustain basic functions, such as your heartbeat. This is commonly referred to as your basal metabolic rate (BMR) ( 1 ).
• Digestion.Around 10–15% of the calories you eat is used to power digestion. This is known as the thermic effect of food (TEF) and varies based on the foods you eat ( 2 , 3 ).
• Physical activity.The leftover calories you get from your diet are meant to fuel your physical activity, including workouts and everyday tasks like walking, reading, and washing dishes.

When the number of calories you take in from food matches the number of calories you burn to sustain your metabolism, digestion, and physical activity, your weight will remain stable.

Thus, the “calories in versus calories out” model is strictly true. You need acalorie deficitto lose weight.

Summary

Your body uses the calories you get from food to fuel your basal metabolic rate (BMR), digestion, and physical activity. When the number of calories you consume matches the number of calories you burn, your weight will remain stable.

Weight loss requires a calorie deficit

From a biological perspective, you need to eat fewer calories than you burn tolose weight. There’s no way around it.

Once your body’s energy needs are met, extra calories are stored for future use — some in your muscles as glycogen, but most as fat. Thus, eating more calories than you burn will cause you to gain weight, whereas eating fewer than you need will cause weight loss ( 4 ).

Some studies make it appear as ifwhatyou eat matters more thanhow muchyou eat, implying that the calorie content of your diet is irrelevant for weight loss. However, these studies are based on a few incorrect assumptions ( 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ).

在本月ance, those who insist thatlow-carb dietshelp people lose more weight despite eating the same number of (or even more) calories, often rely on diet journals to estimate calorie intake.

The problem is that diet journals are notoriously inaccurate, even when filled out by nutrition professionals ( 9 , 10 , 11 ).

What’s more, some studies only report the total amount of weight lost, without mentioning whether the weight loss came from muscle, fat, or water losses.

Different diets affect muscle andwater losses不同,这可以让它看起来好像more effective for fat loss when this isn’t truly the case ( 12 ).

Studies controlling for these factors consistently show that weight loss always results from a calorie deficit. This is true regardless of whether your calories come from carbs, fat, or protein ( 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ).

Summary

减肥,你需要保持“卡路里”fewer than your “calories out.” Some factors can make calories seem irrelevant for weight loss, but research controlling for these factors shows that weight loss always requires a calorie deficit.

Health is more than just ‘calories in vs. calories out’

While the “calories in versus calories out” model matters for weight loss, not all calories are created equal when it comes to your health.

That’s because different foods have different effects on various processes in your body, regardless of calorie contents.

The source of calories impacts your hormones and health differently

Different foods can affect your hormone levels in different ways.

The differing effects of glucose and fructose serve as a good example. These twosimple sugarsprovide the same number of calories per gram, but your body metabolizes them in completely different ways ( 18 ).

A diet too rich in added fructose is linked toinsulin resistance, increased blood sugar levels, and higher triglyceride and LDL (bad) cholesterol levels than a diet providing the same number of calories from glucose ( 19 ).

That said, fruit, which contains natural fructose along with fiber and water, does not have the same negative effects.

What’s more, the type of fat present in your diet can have different effects on your reproductive hormone levels. For instance, diets rich in polyunsaturated fats appear to boost fertility in healthy women ( 20 ).

What’s more, replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats in your diet may further lower your risk of heart disease, even though both types provide the same number of calories per gram ( 21 ).

The types of food you eat affect how full you feel

Your nutrient intake impacts your hunger and feelings of fullness.

在本月ance, eating a 100-calorie serving of beans will reduce your hunger much more effectively than eating a 100-calorie serving of candy.

That’s because foods rich in protein or fiber are more filling than foods containing lower amounts of these nutrients ( 22 , 23 , 24 ).

The candy, which is low in fiber and protein, is much more likely to lead you to overeat later in the day, reducing the likelihood that your “calories in” will match your “calories out.”

Similarly,fructosetends to increase levels of the hunger hormone ghrelin more than glucose does.

It also doesn’t stimulate the fullness centers in your brain in the same way as glucose, so you won’t feel as full after eating fructose as you would after eating glucose ( 25 , 26 ).

This is why most processed foods that are rich in fructose but devoid of protein or fiber generally make it more difficult for you to maintain an energy balance.

The source of calories has different effects on your metabolism

不同的食物影响你的新陈代谢。在本月ance, some require more work to digest, absorb, or metabolize than others. The measure used to quantify this work is called the thermic effect of food (TEF).

The higher the TEF, the more energy a food requires to be metabolized.Proteinhas the highest TEF, while fat has the lowest. This means that a high-protein diet requires more calories to be metabolized than a lower-protein diet does ( 2 , 3 ).

This is why eating protein is often said toboost your metabolismto a greater extent than eating carbs or fat. That said, when it comes to weight loss, the TEF of foods appears to have only a small effect on your calorie balance ( 27 , 28 , 29 ).

Summary

Different foods can impact your hormones, hunger, feelings of fullness, and metabolism differently, regardless of the number of calories they contain. Thus, when it comes to your health, not all calories are created equal.

Why nutrient density matters

The amount of nutrients a food contains per calorie can vary greatly.

Nutrient-dense foods provide higher amounts of vitamins, minerals, and beneficial compounds per gram compared with less nutrient-dense foods.

在本月ance, fruits are much more nutrient-dense than donuts. Calorie for calorie,fruitwill provide a much larger dose of vitamins, minerals, and beneficial plant compounds.

Other examples ofnutrient-dense foodsinclude vegetables, whole grains, legumes, meat, fish, poultry, dairy products, and unsalted nuts and seeds.

On the other hand, processed foods, including white pasta, soda, cookies, chips, ice cream, and alcohol are considered to have a low nutrient density.

Diets rich in nutrient-dense foods are consistently linked to a lower risk of chronic diseases, such as diabetes and heart disease, and may even help you live longer ( 30 , 31 ).

The “calories in versus calories out” model fails to take nutrient density into account, which is a good reason to doubt its relevance when it comes to your health.

Summary

Calorie for calorie, nutrient-dense foods benefit your health much more than nutrient-poor ones. The “calories in versus calories out” model fails to take this into account, reducing its relevance when it comes to your health.

The bottom line

From a strictly biological perspective, the “calories in versus calories out” model matters for weight loss.

You will only lose weight if you consume fewer calories than you burn, regardless of the types of food you eat.

However, this model fails to take nutrient density into account, which is highly relevant to your health. Moreover, different foods can impact your hormones, metabolism, hunger, and feelings of fullness differently, in turn influencing your calorie intake.

Practically speaking,some foods can make it easierfor you to remain at a healthy weight, all while optimizing your overall health. Focusing solely on calories may cause you to miss the big picture.