What’s the Difference Between Thrombosis and Embolism?

症状

血栓形成和栓塞的症状取决于：

• 涉及的血管类型
• location
• 对血流的影响

Small thrombi and emboli that don’t significantly block blood vessels may not cause symptoms. Around 50 percent 有DVT的人根本没有条件的迹象。然而，大障碍物可以终止血液和氧气的健康组织，引起炎症和最终组织死亡。

Venous thrombosis

Veins are the blood vessels responsible for returning blood to the heart for recirculation. When a clot or embolus blocks a major or deep vein, blood pools behind the obstruction, causing inflammation. Though they can occur anywhere, most cases of venous thrombosis develop in the deep veins of the lower legs. Blockages that occur in the small or superficial veins tend not to cause major complications.

Common symptoms of venous thrombosis include:

• pain and tenderness
• 发红或变色
• 肿胀，通常围绕脚踝，膝盖或脚

The affected area will also be warm to the touch.

肺栓塞

当一块血液凝块自由地打破并通过血液流血流到肺部时，发生肺栓塞（PE）。然后它在血管中封口。它通常与DVT相关联。

肺栓塞可能非常危险，非常迅速发展。大概 25 percent of pulmonary embolism cases, sudden death is the first symptom. Seek immediate medical attention if you suspect PE.

Common symptoms of PE include:

• 呼吸困难
• 快速呼吸
• dizziness and light-headedness
• rapid heart rate
• 胸部疼痛,呼吸时变得更糟
• 咳血
• 传出

Arterial thrombosis

Arterial thrombosis is often associated with动脉粥样硬化。动脉粥样硬化是在动脉内壁上的斑块或脂肪硬化的发展。斑块导致动脉缩小。这增加了血管中的压力。如果这种压力足够强烈，斑块会变得不稳定和破裂。

有时当牙菌斑破裂时，免疫系统充分反应。这可能导致发展大凝块和危及生命的条件，如a心脏病发作orstroke。

如果您患有动脉血栓形成的症状，请立即寻求医疗注意力，包括：

• chest pain that often comes on randomly, such as when you’re resting, and won’t respond to medication
• shortness or loss of breath
• sweating
• 恶心
• 肢体或皮肤面积变得凉爽，颜色较轻，比正常，非常痛苦
• unexplained loss of muscle strength
• lower portion of the face slumps to one side

什么导致血管块？

When a blood vessel wall is injured, blood cells, called platelets and proteins, form a solid mass over the wound. This mass is called a thrombus, or blood clot. The clot helps seal off the injury site to limit bleeding and protect it during healing. This is similar to a scab on an external wound.

一旦伤口愈合，血液凝块通常也溶解。然而，有时，血凝块随机形成，不会溶解，或者非常大。这可以通过减少血液流动并对其供应的涉及组织造成伤害或死亡来导致严重的健康风险。

Embolisms can also occur when other substances are trapped in blood vessels, like air bubbles, fat molecules, or bits of plaque.

诊断

There is no specific test used to diagnose thrombosis and embolism, although duplex ultrasound, or the use of sound waves to create images of flowing blood, is commonly used.

可用于帮助诊断或评估异常血凝块或障碍物的其他测试包括：

• magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or computed tomography (CT) scans
• blood tests
• 静脉造影, when the blood clot is thought to be in a vein
• arteriogram, when the blockage is thought to be in an artery
• heart and lung functioning tests, such as arterial blood gasses or ventilation perfusion lung scans

Treatment

In most cases, medical treatment depends on the type, extent, and location of the blood clot or obstruction.

Common medical therapies used to treat thrombosis and embolism include:

• 有助于溶解凝块的溶栓药物
• 抗凝血药物，使其更加难以形成凝块
• 导管导向溶栓，即手术，其中长管，称为导管，直接向凝块直接提供溶栓药物
• thrombectomy, or surgery to remove the clot
• inferior vena cava filters, or small bits of mesh surgically placed over the clot to catch emboli and prevent them from spreading to the heart and then the lungs

某些生活方式改变或预防药物可以帮助治疗凝块或降低风险发展的风险。

The following may help prevent blood clots or obstructions:

• 保持健康的体重和饮食
• quit smoking and alcohol use
• exercise
• stay hydrated
• 避免长时间的坐着或不活动
• 治疗慢性炎症条件
• 管理不健康的血糖水平
• take blood pressure and cholesterol medications as prescribed by your doctor
• 和你的医生谈谈停止estr的使用ogen-based medications
• use mechanical devices like压缩袜子or intermittent pneumatic compression devices
• keep your legs elevated while sitting
• make sure your doctor knows about a history or family history of clots or clotting conditions
• 每天伸展脚和腿部肌肉
• 穿宽松的衣服

Complications

Complications associated with both thrombosis and embolism vary depending on:

• 堵塞的程度
• 凝块的位置
• how it was stuck
• underlying health conditions

栓塞通常被认为比轻度到中度血栓形成更危险，因为栓塞趋于阻碍整个血管。

Complications of moderate to severe cases of thrombosis and embolism include:

• swelling
• pain
• 干，鳞片皮肤
• skin discoloration
• dilated or enlarged veins, such as spider-web or静脉曲张
• 软组织挫伤
• 心脏病发作or stroke
• organ failure
• loss of limb
• 大脑或心脏伤害
• ulcers

Outlook

对于血栓形成和栓塞的轻微病例，症状可能会在几天到几周内的药物和生活方式改变。对于更严重的病例的前景主要取决于凝块或障碍的类型，范围和位置。

关于 50％ of people with DVT have long-term complications, generally related to reduced blood flow. Around 33 percent of people with a combination of DVT and PE develop new clots within 10 years.