什么是牛奶过敏？

A milk allergy is an immune reaction to one of the many proteins in animal milk. It’s most often caused by the alpha S1-casein protein in cow’s milk.

牛奶过敏有时会与乳糖不耐症混淆，因为它们通常具有症状。但是，这两个条件非常不同。Lactose intolerance当一个人缺少酶（乳糖酶）以在肠中代谢（牛奶糖）时，就会发生。

Cow’s milk is the leading cause of allergic reactions in young children and one of eight foods that are responsible for 90 percent of childhood allergies. The other seven are eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, soy, fish, shellfish, and wheat.

Often, children with a milk allergy will have a slow reaction. This means symptoms will develop over time, from several hours to days later. Symptoms associated with a slow reaction include:

  • 腹部绞痛
  • 大便稀溏（可能包含血液或粘液）
  • 腹泻
  • skin rash
  • intermittent coughing
  • runny nose or sinus infection
  • 不壮成长(slow to gain weight or height)

迅速发生的症状（在几秒钟内）可能包括：

  • 喘息
  • vomiting
  • 麻疹

Although rare, it’s possible for a child with a milk allergy to have a serious reaction known as anaphylactic shock.Anaphylactic shock可能导致喉咙和口腔肿胀，血压下降以及呼吸困难。它也可能导致心脏骤停。过敏反应requires immediate medical attention and is treated with epinephrine (EpiPen) in the form of a shot.

从常规牛奶转换为杏仁牛奶可能会将一种过敏反应交换为另一种过敏反应。树坚果，例如杏仁（以及核桃，腰果和山核桃），是过敏罪犯的名单。此外，对花生过敏的人中有将近一半对树坚果过敏。

与牛奶过敏不同，通常在很小的时候就可以解决树坚果过敏tend to last a lifetime. Only 9 percent of children will outgrow an allergy to almonds and other tree nuts.

症状of a tree nut allergy may include:

  • itching
  • 湿疹或者麻疹
  • swelling
  • 恶心
  • 腹痛
  • 腹泻
  • vomiting
  • runny nose
  • 喘息
  • 呼吸困难

对树坚果（和花生）的过敏反应也比其他类型的过敏更为普遍。

Soy is one of the “big eight” allergens, so it’s important to watch for symptoms, especially in children. Soybeans, along with peanuts, kidney beans, lentils, and peas, are in the legume family.

Asoy allergyis most common in infants.

症状of a soy allergy may include:

  • flushing
  • itching
  • 麻疹
  • runny nose
  • 喘息

更严重的反应可能包括腹痛，腹泻以及嘴唇，舌头或喉咙的肿胀。在不同的罕见情况下，大豆过敏可能导致过敏反应。

Rice is the least likely grain to cause an allergic reaction. Many parents choose to give their children rice milk instead of cow’s milk due to allergy concerns. While rice allergies are extremely rare in the West, they have been on the rise in Asian countries such as Japan and Korea, where rice is a staple food, since the 1990s.

症状of rice allergy include:

  • 皮肤发红
  • rashes
  • 麻疹
  • swelling
  • 鼻子闷或流鼻涕
  • 喘息
  • 过敏反应

Allergies are usually discovered very early, often by three months of age. Breastfeeding is one of the best ways to avoid and defend against allergies. There are also milk formulas for babies who develop milk allergies.

母乳

Breastfeeding provides the best source of nutrients for a baby and helps them develop defenses against certain allergies.

A mother who drinks cow’s milk, however, will transfer the alpha S1-casein and whey protein to her child through her breast milk. This may cause a reaction in an allergic baby. Milk allergies are usually discovered very early in breastfed infants.

好消息是，母乳喂养的婴儿在第一年的过敏和感染少于获得配方奶的婴儿。

大多数医生至少在孩子生命的前六个月中建议新母亲护士，以帮助孩子避免过敏。

Formula for babies with milk allergies

大多数儿科医生都建议使用添加的维生素和对牛奶过敏的婴儿的矿物质和矿物质。

如果转向大豆后症状无法改善，则可以使用低过敏性公式。其中包括广泛的水解配方，其中蛋白质被分解，因此它们不太可能引起反应。

The other type of hypoallergenic formula commonly used is known as an elemental formula, in which only the simplest forms of protein are used.