巴氏杀菌与未经巴氏消毒的食物：有什么区别？

“未经策略”是什么意思？

即使未接受高温治疗，未经巴氏消毒的食物也会出售。尚未巴氏消毒的食物包括 2 ）：

• raw milk
• some artisanal cheeses
• some unpasteurized versions of juices and meats

尽管可能有一些好处，但许多食品安全问题和粮食源性疾病的高风险与食用未经巴氏食物有关。

Still, evidence indicates that the health risks appear to outweigh any potential benefits in most cases.

Here are the benefits and downsides of unpasteurized food products.

Benefits of eating unpasteurized foods

未经巴氏消毒的食物更有可能保留其有机肌肉特性，有时可能具有更大的营养价值（ 1 ）。The term “organoleptic properties” refers to the food’s taste, appearance, and smell.

Exposure to high temperatures during pasteurization not only kills harmful bacteria and viruses in foods. It may also negatively affect the nutritional quality, appearance, and flavor of the food ( 1 , 3 ）。

For instance, some research demonstrated that pasteurization reduced the protective antibodies and immune-supportive维生素C和捐赠人牛奶中的锌（ 3 ）。

但是，其他研究表明，人类牛奶中的这些营养损失很小，巴氏杀菌的好处大于风险（ 4 , 5 ）。

Downsides of eating unpasteurized foods

未经巴氏尿的食物与细菌的粮食生存疾病有关，例如Brucella,隐孢子虫,Listeria monocytogenes和抗生素耐药性Staphylococcus aureus( 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ）。

特别是，科学文献经常提到unpasteurized milk and dairy productsare particularly high risk foods and common causes of these foodborne illnesses ( 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ）。

这些细菌感染可能会持续几天到几周。影响范围从轻度症状 - 像发烧，diarrhea, vomiting, muscle aches, abdominal pain, and poor appetite — to severe outcomes like miscarriage and even death ( 10 , 11 , 12 ）。

Unpasteurized foods present even greater health risks and are more dangerous to people with compromised immune systems, such as older adults, pregnant people, young children, and those with health conditions like cancer ( 13 ）。

Summary

未经巴氏消毒的食物更有可能保留自然口味，外观，口味和营养素，但与食源性疾病密切相关。证据表明，食用未经巴氏消毒的食物的风险大大超过了受益人的受益人。

“巴氏杀菌”是什么意思？

巴氏灭菌是一种常见的食品安全实践，在特定时间段内暴露于高温下的一些食物，以杀死任何有害细菌和引起食源性疾病的病毒（ 1 , 13 ）。

Developed by French chemist Louis Pasteur and his team in 1864, decades of research highlight the benefits that pasteurization offers to human health ( 13 , 14 , 15 ）。

巴氏杀菌的类型

Given the especially high risk of foodborne infections from milk and乳制品, you’ve most likely heard of pasteurization in the context of milk. Health authorities also tend to focus on milk when it comes to pasteurization.

According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), these are the types and specifications of pasteurization ( 15 ,16）：

If the milk containssweeteners或脂肪含量为10％或以上，巴氏杀菌温度增加了3ºC（5ºF）（5ºF）（ 15 ）。

Eggnog has its own specifications for VAT, HTST, and HHST pasteurization ( 15 ,16）。

Benefits of eating pasteurized foods

Pasteurization is an effective method of improving the safety and quality of foods, especially milk and dairy products. Medical and scientific communities have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of pasteurization over time ( 1 , 14 ）。

In fact, pasteurization of donor human milk has even been shown to inactivateSARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, in the milk ( 5 ）。

事实证明，巴氏杀菌可以降低人类的健康风险，尤其是那些免疫功能低下的人。

Downsides of eating pasteurized foods

不幸的是，并非所有食物都可以接受巴氏杀菌，如果未正确存储，处理或制备，巴氏杀菌食品仍然会被有害微生物污染。

Plus, food manufacturers aren’t required by law to label foods as pasteurized or unpasteurized, which can make it harder to choose.

Fresh produce, meat, fish, and poultry are not subjected to heat pasteurization even though they are high risk foods for foodborne infections. And even pasteurized foods may later become contaminated during preparation and storage based on food handling practices.

That’s why it’s important to followfood hygiene and safe food handling guidelinesset by the FDA, whether you know the food you’ve bought is pasteurized or not ( 17 ）。

The high temperatures required for paste尿液化可能会改变某些食物的外观，味道，风味和营养特征，尽管这些变化通常很小（ 3 , 4 , 5 ）。

Summary

Pasteurization is shown to reduce human health risks like foodborne illnesses, but pasteurized foods may still become contaminated if they aren’t stored or prepared following safe food handling practices. Follow the FDA food safety recommendations, even with pasteurized foods.

Commonly pasteurized foods

巴氏杀菌foods can often be identified by their food package label, though there are often unpasteurized versions as well — for instance, milk and kombucha are sold in both forms ( 18 ）。

Unpasteurized foods may be labeled as “raw” or “natural,” such as in the case of some juices, according to older guidance published by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (19）。

Here are some commonly pasteurized foods (19,20):

• eggs and egg products
• 果汁
• 酒鬼,fermentedbeverages (beer, wine, cider, kombucha)
• 乳制品(milk, cheese, butter, ice cream, yogurt, cream)
• frozen desserts
• 模仿肉和熟食
• nuts (almonds, peanuts)
• flour and its products (bread, cereal, etc.)

Summary

Some foods are available both as unpasteurized and pasteurized, including juices, dairy products, alcoholic beverages, kombucha, imitation meals, nuts, and flour-based products.

您应该选择哪个？

尽管未经巴氏消毒的食物在某些情况下可能具有更好的风味和更多的营养，但您应该在可能的情况下选择巴氏杀菌食品。

巴氏杀菌foods have been shown to be safer, have alonger shelf life, and reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses.

防止食源性疾病对老年人，幼儿，孕妇和受到抑制的免疫系统的疾病尤其有益（由于健康状况（ 13 ）。

但是，每个人仍然应该注意并遵守建议的安全食品处理指南。请记住，在存储和准备过程中，巴氏杀菌食品仍然会被有害微生物污染（ 17 ）。

Summary

选择巴氏杀菌食品，显示出更安全的食用，保质期更长，并降低了粮食源性疾病的风险。巴氏杀菌对于老年人，儿童，孕妇和受抑制免疫系统的患者尤为重要。即使使用巴氏杀菌食品，也可以练习安全的食物处理。

底线

Unpasteurized foods are sold in their raw forms without having been exposed to high temperatures, which kills harmful microbes. They are associated with an increased risk of foodborne infections.

巴氏杀菌foods are heat-treated and safer for consumption, especially for those with suppressed immune systems, including older adults, young children, and pregnant people.

Commonly pasteurized foods include juices, dairy products, alcoholic beverages, kombucha, imitation meats, nuts, and flour-based products like bread and cereal.