Obesity is one of the biggest health problems in the world.
它与几种相关疾病有关，统称为代谢综合征。这些包括高血压，血糖升高和血脂型不良。
与正常范围的人相比，患有代谢综合征的人患心脏病和2型糖尿病的风险要高得多。
在过去的几十年中，许多研究集中在肥胖的原因以及如何预防或治疗的原因上。
Many people seem to think that weight gain and obesity are caused by a lack of willpower.
That’snot entirely true。Although weight gain is largely a result of eating behavior and lifestyle, some people are at a disadvantage when it comes to controlling their eating habits.
问题是，暴饮暴食是由遗传学和激素等各种生物学因素驱动的。某些人简单地倾向于增加体重（
当然，人们可以通过改变生活方式和行为来克服自己的遗传劣势。生活方式的改变需要意志力，奉献和毅力。
然而，声称行为纯粹是意志力的函数太简单了。
They don’t take into account all the other factors that ultimately determine what people do and when they do it.
Here are 10 factors that are leading causes of weight gain, obesity and metabolic disease, many of which have nothing to do with willpower.
肥胖具有强大的遗传成分。肥胖父母的孩子比精益父母的孩子更有可能拥有肥胖症。
这并不意味着肥胖是完全预先确定的。您吃的东西可能会对哪些基因表达且不能产生重大影响。
Non-industrialized societies rapidly develop obesity when they start eating a typical Western diet. Their genes didn’t change, but the environment and the signals they sent to their genes did.
简而言之，遗传成分确实会影响您对体重增加的敏感性。关于同卵双胞胎的研究表明了这一点（
SummarySome people appear to be genetically susceptible to weight gain and obesity.
Heavily processed foods are often little more than refined ingredients mixed with additives.
These products are designed to be cheap, last long on the shelf and taste so incredibly good that they are hard to resist.
通过使食品尽可能美味，食品制造商试图增加销售额。但是他们也促进overeating。
如今，大多数加工食品根本不像全食。这些是高度工程的产品，旨在吸引人们。
SummaryStores are filled with processed foods that are hard to resist. These products also promote overeating.
许多糖甜的高脂垃圾食品都刺激了您大脑中的奖励中心（3，，，，
实际上，这些食物通常是与普遍滥用药物相比像酒精，可卡因，尼古丁和大麻一样。
Junk foods can cause addiction in susceptible individuals. These people lose control over their eating behavior, similar to people struggling with alcohol addiction losing control over their drinking behavior.
Addiction is a complex issue that can be very difficult to overcome. When you become addicted to something, you lose your freedom of choice and the biochemistry in your brain starts calling the shots for you.
SummarySome people experience strong food cravings or addiction. This especially applies to sugar-sweetened, high-fat junk foods which stimulate the reward centers in the brain.
垃圾食品生产商是非常激进的营销商。
Their tactics can get unethical at times and they sometimes try to market very unhealthy products as healthy foods.
These companies also make misleading claims. What’s worse, they target their marketing specifically towards children.
In today’s world, children are developing obesity and becoming diabetic and addicted to junk foods long before they’re old enough to make informed decisions about these things.
Summary食品生产商花了很多钱营销垃圾食品，有时是针对儿童，他们没有知识和经验来意识到自己被误导。
Insulin is a very important hormone that regulates energy storage, among other things.
One of its functions is to tell fat cells to store fat and to hold on to the fat they already carry.
西方饮食促进insulin resistance在许多超重和肥胖的人中。这可以提高整个体内胰岛素水平，导致能量存储在脂肪细胞中，而不是可用（
While insulin’s role in obesity is controversial, several studies suggest that high insulin levels have a causal role in the development of obesity (
中的一个降低胰岛素的最佳方法是在增加纤维摄入量的同时减少简单或精制的碳水化合物（
This usually leads to an automatic reduction in calorie intake and effortless weight loss — no calorie counting or portion control needed (
SummaryHigh insulin levels and insulin resistance are linked to the development of obesity. To lower insulin levels, reduce your intake of refined carbs and eat more fiber.
Many pharmaceutical drugs can cause weight gain as a side effect (
例如，随着时间的推移，抗抑郁药与适度的体重增加有关（
Other examples include diabetes medication and antipsychotics (
这些药物不会减少您的意志力。它们改变了您的身体和大脑的功能，降低了代谢率或增加食欲（
SummarySome medications may promote weight gain by reducing the number of calories burned or increasing appetite.
瘦素是另一种在肥胖症中起重要作用的激素。
它是由脂肪细胞产生的，其血液水平随较高的脂肪质量而增加。因此，肥胖者的瘦素水平尤其高。
在健康的人,高瘦素水平与to reduced appetite. When working properly, it should tell your brain how high your fat stores are.
问题在于，瘦素在许多有肥胖症的人中都没有工作，因为出于某种原因，它无法跨越血脑屏障（
This condition is calledleptin resistanceand is believed to be a leading factor in the pathogenesis of obesity.
SummaryLeptin, an appetite-reducing hormone, doesn’t work in many individuals who have obesity.
Another factor that dramatically influences people’s waistline is food availability, which has increased massively in the past few centuries.
Food, especially junk food, is everywhere now. Shops display tempting foods where they are most likely to gain your attention.
Another problem is that junk food is often cheaper than healthy, whole foods, especially in America.
有些人，尤其是在较贫穷的社区中，甚至没有选择购买真正食品的人，例如新鲜水果和蔬菜。
Convenience stores in these areas only sell sodas, candy and processed, packagedjunk foods。
How can it be a matter of choice if there is none?
Summary在某些地区，找到新鲜的全食可能很困难或昂贵，只会让人们购买不健康的垃圾食品。
Added sugar may be the single worst aspect of the modern diet.
That’s because sugar changes the hormones and biochemistry of your body when consumed in excess. This, in turn,有助于体重增加。
添加的糖为一半葡萄糖，一半果糖。人们从包括淀粉在内的各种食物中获得葡萄糖，但大多数果糖来自添加的糖。
Excessfructoseintake may cause insulin resistance and elevated insulin levels. It also doesn’t promote satiety in the same way glucose does (
For all these reasons, sugar contributes to increased energy storage and, ultimately, obesity.
Summary科学家认为，摄入过多的糖可能是肥胖的主要原因之一。
People all over the world are being关于健康和营养的信息。
There are many reasons for this, but the problem largely depends on where people get their information from.
Many websites, for example, spread inaccurate or even incorrect information about health and nutrition.
Some news outlets also oversimplify or misinterpret the results of scientific studies and the results are frequently taken out of context.
Other information may simply be outdated or based on theories that have never been fully proven.
Food companies also play a role. Some promote products, such as weight loss supplements, that do not work.
基于虚假信息的减肥策略可以阻止您的进度。很好地选择您的资源很重要。
SummaryMisinformation may contribute to weight gain in some people. It can also make weight loss more difficult.
如果您对腰围有担忧，则不应将本文作为放弃的借口。
尽管您无法完全控制身体的工作方式，但您可以学习如何控制饮食习惯并改变生活方式。
Unless there is some medical condition getting in your way, it is within your power to控制您的体重。
这通常需要艰苦的工作和急剧的生活方式改变，但是从长远来看，许多人确实取得了成功。
The point of this article is to open people’s minds to the fact that something other than individual responsibility plays a role in the obesity epidemic.
The fact is that modern eating habits and food culture must be changed to be able to reverse this problem on a global scale.
认为这一切都是由于缺乏willpower is exactly what food producers want you to believe, so they can continue their marketing in peace.
