Overview
当支持女性骨盆中的器官的肌肉减弱时，阴道脱垂就会发生。这种弱化使子宫，尿道，膀胱或直肠脱落到阴道中。如果骨盆底肌肉足够弱，这些器官甚至可以从阴道中伸出。
There are a few different types of prolapse:
- Anterior vaginal prolapse (cystocele or urethrocele) happens when the bladder falls down into the vagina.
- Posterior vaginal prolapse (rectocele) is when the wall separating the rectum from the vagina weakens. This allows the rectum to bulge into the vagina.
- 子宫脱垂是当子宫向下垂入阴道时。
- 顶端脱垂（阴道穹顶脱垂）是宫颈或阴道上部落入阴道时。
Often妇女没有任何symptoms from vaginal prolapse. If you do have symptoms, your symptoms will depend on the organ that is prolapsed.
症状可能包括：
- a feeling of fullness in the vagina
- a lump at the opening of the vagina
- 骨盆沉重或压力的感觉
- a feeling like you’re“sitting on a ball”
- achy pain in your lower back that gets better when you lie down
- a need to urinate more often than usual
- trouble having a complete bowel movement or emptying your bladder
- 频繁的膀胱感染
- abnormal bleeding from the vagina
- leaking of urine when you cough, sneeze, laugh, have sex, or exercise
- pain during sex
一堆被称为骨盆底肌肉的肌肉支撑着您的骨盆器官。分娩可以伸展和削弱这些肌肉，尤其是如果您的分娩困难。
衰老和雌激素期间的损失绝经可以进一步削弱这些肌肉，从而使骨盆器官向下垂入阴道。
Other causes of vaginal prolapse include:
- constant coughing fromchronic lung disease
- pressure from excess weight
- 慢性便秘
- lifting heavy objects
如果您是阴道脱垂的可能性更大：
- had vaginal deliveries, especially a complicated one
- 经过更年期
- smoke
- are overweight
- cough a lot from lung disease
- are chronically constipated and have to strain to have a bowel movement
- had a family member, such as a mother or sister, with prolapse
- often lift heavy things
- 有肌瘤
Vaginal prolapse can be diagnosed through a pelvic exam. During the exam, your doctor might ask you to bear down as if you’re trying to push out a bowel movement.
您的医生可能还会要求您收紧并释放停止并开始尿液流动的肌肉。该测试检查了支持您的阴道，子宫和其他骨盆器官的肌肉的强度。
如果您在小便时遇到问题，则可能有测试来检查您的bladder function. This is called urodynamic testing.
- Uroflowmetry measures the amount and strength of your urine stream.
- Cystometrogram determines how full your bladder needs to get before you have to go to the bathroom.
Your doctor might also do one or more of these imaging tests to look for problems with your pelvic organs:
- Pelvic ultrasound.This test uses sound waves to check your bladder and other organs.
- Pelvic floor MRI.该测试使用强磁铁和无线电波来制作骨盆器官的图片。
- CT扫描您的腹部和骨盆。This test uses an X-ray to create detailed pictures of your pelvic organs.
Your doctor will recommend the most conservative treatment methods first.
Conservative treatment options
骨盆底练习，也称为Kegels，增强支撑您的阴道，膀胱和其他骨盆器官的肌肉。做它们：
- Squeeze the muscles you’d use to hold in and release urine.
- Hold the contraction for a few seconds, and then let go.
- Do 8 to 10 of these exercises, three times a day.
To help learn where your pelvic floor muscles are, the next time you need to urinate, stop urinating midstream, then start again, and stop. Use this method to learn where the muscles are, it’s not meant to be a continued practice. In future practice, you can do this at times other than urinating. If you can’t find the right muscles, a physical therapist can use biofeedback to help you locate them.
减肥也可能有帮助。减轻过量的体重可能会承受膀胱或其他骨盆器官的某些压力。询问您的医生需要减轻多少体重。
另一个选择是子宫。该设备由塑料或橡胶制成，进入您的阴道内部，并将膨胀的组织固定在适当的位置。很容易学习如何插入子宫，并有助于避免手术。
手术
如果其他方法无济于事，您可能需要考虑手术将骨盆器官放回原处并将其固定在那里。您自己的组织，供体的组织或人造材料将用于支撑衰弱的骨盆底肌肉。可以通过阴道或腹部（腹腔镜上的小切口）进行此手术。
Complications from vaginal prolapse depend on which organs are involved, but they can include:
- sores in the vagina if the uterus or cervix bulges through
- an increased risk forurinary tract infections
- 小便或排便的麻烦
- difficulty having sex
如果您有阴道脱垂的任何症状，包括下腹部饱满感或阴道隆起，请参阅妇科医生进行检查。这种情况并不危险，但可能会对您的生活质量产生负面影响。
阴道脱垂是可以治疗的。较轻的病例可以通过凯格尔锻炼和体重减轻的无创治疗方法来改善。对于更严重的病例，手术可能是有效的。但是，手术后有时阴道脱垂有时会回来。