Introduction

当您的宝宝出生时，他们会得到first of their vaccinations。

Ideally, by the time your child starts kindergarten, they will have received:

Many schools require proof that your child has been vaccinated, and might not admit your child if all of the vaccinations listed above haven’t been given.

但是，您可能还需要考虑其他几种重要的疫苗，以及您自己。

Read on to learn more about these valuable vaccines.

It wasn’t that long ago that parents would send their kids off to play with schoolmates and friends infected with水痘。逻辑是，最好在您小时候喝水，因为年纪大的情况会更糟。

但是，获得水痘疫苗比疾病要安全得多。虽然水痘可能不会给某些人带来很多问题，但其他人可能患有严重的并发症，例如细菌感染和pneumonia。

Vaccine recommendations

根据the 疾病控制与预防中心（CDC） ，，，，all healthy children ages 12 months through 18 years should have two doses of the chickenpox vaccination.

这CDCrecommends the first vaccination be given between 12 and 15 months, and the second between ages 4 and 6.

Each state has its own chickenpox vaccine requirements for young children in childcare and school, and young adults in college.

Even if you don’t live in a state where your child is required to get a two-dose varicella vaccine, some private childcare centers, schools, and colleges require their students to be inoculated for chickenpox.

Possible side effects

Research suggests that the varicella vaccine is safe for most people. Side effects are usually mild. They can include:

  • 疼痛，，，，swelling, and redness around the injection site
  • fever
  • rash

Rare but serious side effects can include:

  • 发作
  • pneumonia
  • meningitis
  • rash all over the body

轮状病毒is a highly contagious virus that can lead to severe diarrhea in infants and young children. It often causes vomiting and fever. If left untreated, it can cause severe dehydration and even death.

根据小路，一个国际非营利性医疗组织，世界上每年有500,000多名儿童死于腹泻病，其中三分之一死亡是由轮状病毒引起的。

Millions more are hospitalized each year after being infected with the virus.

Vaccine recommendations

这CDCrecommends that most babies get vaccinated to avoid contracting this virus.

Two oral rotavirus vaccines have been approved to prevent the rotavirus infection (RotarixandRotaTeq).

这vaccines come in either two or three doses. The CDC recommends doses at 2, 4, and 6 months (if needed). The first dose must be given before 15 weeks of age and the last must be given by 8 months of age.

It’s important to note that some babies should not receive the rotavirus vaccine. Babies who’ve had an allergic reaction to a rotavirus vaccine or have other serious allergies shouldn’t get it.

这 CDCalso recommends that babies with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), other immune system problems, or a kind of bowel blockage called肠套叠不应该接受疫苗。

Possible side effects

像其他疫苗一样，轮状病毒疫苗有一些风险。副作用通常是温和的，并且会自行消失。这些包括：

  • 临时腹泻或呕吐
  • fever
  • loss of appetite
  • irritability

据报道，严重的副作用很少。它们包括肠use头和过敏反应。

Who shouldn’t get vaccinated

Although the CDC recommends many vaccines for most people, some people shouldn’t receive certain vaccines. For instance, if you’re currently ill or if your immune system is weakened, you may not be able to receive certain vaccines. Some vaccines have other specific limitations. Be sure to tell your vaccine provider about your medical history so they can make sure a particular vaccine is right for you.

Hepatitis Ais an acute liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus. Symptoms can last from a few weeks to several months.

尽管肝炎A通常不会发展为慢性疾病，但在某些情况下，症状可能会变得严重，并且持续了几个月。

Symptoms can include:

  • fatigue
  • stomach pain
  • 恶心
  • jaundice(yellowing of the skin and the whites of your eyes)

Vaccine recommendations

这CDCrecommends a hepatitis A vaccination for all children between their first and second birthdays. It should be given in two shots, 6 to 18 months apart.

肝炎A疫苗有时也是 recommended for adults 。某些国家的旅行者和有患有肝炎A的风险的人（例如与男性发生性关系，使用毒品的人以及患有慢性肝病的人）的旅行者应考虑因乙型肝炎的疫苗接种。

Possible side effects

这hepatitis A vaccine is relatively safe. Mild side effects can include:

  • 疼痛around the injection site
  • headache
  • loss of appetite
  • 疲倦

Rare but serious side effects can include:

Meningococcal disease is a serious bacterial illness that can causemeningitis（大脑和脊髓周围的保护层的炎症）和血液感染， 或者脓毒症。

Children can get meningococcal disease by living in close quarters with others, sharing utensils, kissing, or inhaling the secondhand smoke of an infected person.

Vaccine recommendations

这 CDCrecommends that children ages 11–12 years through 16 years get two doses of the meningococcal vaccine (Menactra).

此外，居住在宿舍的大学新生也应获得脑膜炎球菌疫苗。一些大学要求在校园前接种疫苗。

Possible side effects

Research suggests that meningococcal vaccines are relatively safe. Mild side effects include:

  • pain and redness at the injection site
  • headache
  • fatigue
  • 疼痛

一个罕见但严重的副作用是Guillain-Barré syndrome，，，，a disorder that causes a person’s own immune system to damage their nerve cells.

Severe allergic reaction

For all vaccines, the risk of severe allergic reaction is small, but serious. You should go to the emergency room or call 911 if you experience any of the following effects within a few hours of receiving any vaccine:

  • hives
  • facial swelling
  • fast heartbeat
  • 呼吸困难
  • dizziness
  • weakness

人乳头瘤病毒疫苗（HPV）is a common virus that’s typically passed through genital contact.

据CDC称 ，，，，almost 80 million people (about 1 in 4) are infected in the United States, with about 14 million people becoming infected each year.

某些HPV菌株不会导致其他问题，但其他菌株可能会引起并发症。这些包括：

Vaccine recommendations

这HPV疫苗is now generally recommended for both girls and boys at ages 11 and 12. For those who haven’t been vaccinated at that age, it’s also recommended for girls and women ages 13 through 26 years, and boys and men ages 13 through 21 years.

这only HPV vaccine that’s currently on the market in the United States is calledGardasil 9。

Possible side effects

Studies suggest that the HPV vaccine is relatively safe. Side effects are usually mild and can include:

  • pain, redness, and swelling at the injection site
  • 恶心
  • 晕倒
  • dizziness
  • headache

严重的副作用很少，但可能包括：

  • Guillain-Barré syndrome
  • blood clots
  • muscle paralysis

TDAP助推器是组合助推器，可保护成年人和儿童免受三种疾病，这些疾病在美国开发了这种疫苗之前在美国很常见。

这些疾病是：

  • diphtheria(a serious infection of the nose and throat)
  • tetanus(a bacterial disease that attacks the body’s nervous system)
  • 百日咳（称为百日咳，这是呼吸系统非常具有传染性的感染）

Since Tdap boosters have been administered, the CDC reports that cases of tetanus and diphtheria have decreased by 99 percent and cases of pertussis have dropped by around 80 percent.

Most states have some type of Tdap vaccination requirement for children, teens, and young adults.

Vaccine recommendations

这single-doseBoostrixwas approved for use in children as young as 10 and up.Adacelis given as a single dose to people at ages 10 through 64 years.

这 CDCrecommends that people who didn’t receive the Tdap vaccine at this age get it as soon as possible.

医疗保健专业人员和与新生婴儿紧密联系的任何人都应接受TDAP疫苗接种。其中包括孕妇，她们应该在每次怀孕期间接受疫苗，以保护新生儿免受百日咳的侵害。

Possible side effects

这Tdap vaccine is safe for most people. Mild side effects can include:

  • pain and redness at the injection site
  • mild fever
  • headache
  • 疲倦
  • body aches

更严重但罕见的副作用可能包括：

  • severe allergic reaction
  • severe fever

这vaccines listed above have made a big difference in the prevention of disease. They’re a public health success story and have helped countless people avoid severe illness and possibly even death.

有关这些疫苗的更多信息，请查看以下文章，然后访问CDC网站 here 。

但是，要获取疫苗问题的最直接答案，请与您的医生或孩子的医生交谈。他们可以告诉您有关疾病预防控制中心建议的更多信息，并可以帮助您确定哪种疫苗可能适合您或您的家人。