毒性休克综合征（TSS）是由细菌感染引起的一种罕见但严重的医疗状况。当细菌时可能引起金黄色葡萄球菌gets into the bloodstream and produces toxins. But this isn’t the only cause.

Although TSS has been linked to superabsorbent tampon use in menstruating people, this condition can affect males, children, and people of all ages.

TSS是一种极为罕见的状况。一年的平均案件数量大于 1 to 4 per 100,000 people in the United States.

TSS的症状可能因人而异。在大多数情况下，症状突然出现。这种情况的常见迹象包括：

Many of the TSS symptoms are often associated with other ailments. Symptoms like fever, sore throat, or headache can easily be attributed to another medical condition, such as theflu。

That’s why it’s important to be aware of what TSS is and what can cause it. If you experience the above symptoms after using tampons or after a surgery or skin injury, contact your doctor immediately.

Infection usually occurs when bacteria enter your body through an opening in your skin, such as a cut, sore, or other wound.

While the bacteria金黄色葡萄球菌can be one cause of TSS, it’s not the only one.

Another bacteria called链球菌为链球菌(GAS) can be a factor. This is sometimes referred to as streptococcal toxic shock syndrome or toxic shock-like syndrome (TSLS). This bacteria can enter the body through a skin injury or bacteria developing in the throat, and then spread through deep tissues and the bloodstream. Over time it may progress into TSS.

The symptoms and treatment for this syndrome are nearly identical to those of TSS. However, TSLS is not associated with tampon use.

其他菌株链球菌have been associated with toxic shock, though this is rare. In addition, TSS has also been known to occur with post-surgical infections, burns, cases of nasal packing after nosebleeds, and even dialysis catheters.

专家不确定为什么卫生棉条有时会导致这种情况。有些人认为，长时间留下的卫生棉条吸引了细菌。另一种可能性是棉塞纤维刮擦阴道，为细菌进入血液的开口。

随着时间的流逝，卫生棉条发生了很大变化，目前尚不清楚特定类型的卫生棉条或卫生棉条涂抹器是否会引起TSS。如果您觉得一种卫生棉条似乎会刺激（或从头开始）阴道，则可以考虑切换品牌。

TSS has always been considered a rare disease, but cases have dropped significantly over recent decades. In 1980 , there were nearly 14 cases of TSS among 100,000 young menstruating people who used high absorbency tampons. Now, there are an estimated 4 or fewer cases among 100,000menstruating people.

风险因素for this condition include a recent skin burn, skin infection, or surgery. Other risk factors may include:

Infants and the elderly are more at risk for developing a GAS infection. People who are at greater risk for a GAS infection are also more likely to develop TSLS. Your risk may be increased if you have:

Your doctor may make a diagnosis of TSS based on a physical examination and your symptoms. A diagnosis can be made through:

  • a blood or urine test checking for bacteria
  • a blood test to check肝and肾功能
  • CBC（全血数）测试白细胞计数或血小板减少
  • 从宫颈,阴道, and throat
  • analyzing samples for bacteria that cause TSS
  • a coagulation study to evaluate blood clotting ability

TSS是医疗紧急情况。有些病情的人必须在重症监护室停留几天，以便医务人员可以密切监视他们。

Your doctor will most likely give you intravenous (IV) hydration of water, electrolytes, and glucose (crystalloids). This is to help you fight the bacterial infection in your body anddehydration。这将帮助您最初管理TSS。

接下来，您的医生可能会管理适合您特定情况的抗生素。通常给予用于气体感染或TSS治疗的抗生素 7 to 14 days 。

Other possible treatments include:

  • 稳定血压的药物
  • gamma globulin injections to suppress inflammation and boost your body’simmune system
  • 手术清创（去除感染深组织）

TSS的其他治疗方法因根本原因而异。这些可以包括：

  • 如果阴道海绵或卫生棉条引发了有毒的冲击，您的医生可能需要从您的体内清除这种异物。
  • 如果开放或外科伤口引起TSS，医生会从伤口上排出脓液或血液以清除任何感染。

TSS是一种威胁生命的医疗状况。在某些情况下，TSS会影响体内主要的器官。如果未经治疗，与此疾病有关的并发症包括：

Signs of liver failure can include:

肾衰竭的迹象可能包括：

  • 疲劳
  • weakness
  • 恶心和呕吐
  • muscle cramps
  • hiccups
  • persistent瘙痒
  • chest pain
  • shortness of breath
  • 高血压
  • 睡眠问题
  • swelling in the feet and ankles
  • 小便问题

心力衰竭的迹象可能包括：

Signs of coagulopathy may include:

Certain precautions can reduce your risk of developing toxic shock syndrome. These precautions include:

  • 改变卫生棉条 every 4 to 8 hours
  • wearing a low-absorbency tampon or sanitary napkin during menstruation
  • using a reusable silicone menstrual cup and cleaning your hands thoroughly when changing it
  • 在轻流的日子里戴卫生餐巾
  • washing your hands frequently to remove any bacteria
  • keeping cuts and surgical incisions clean and changing dressings often

如果您有TSS的个人历史，请不要穿卫生棉条。这种情况可能会复发。

Toxic shock syndrome is a medical emergency that can cause death if untreated. Call an ambulance or go to the emergency room if you suspect that you have symptoms of TSS. Prompt treatment can fight infection and prevent major organ damage.