Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), also called renal cell cancer or renal cell adenocarcinoma, is a common type of kidney cancer. Renal cell carcinomas account for about 90％ of all kidney cancers.

RCC通常以你的一个肾脏生长为肿瘤。它也可以在两个肾脏中发展。这种疾病比女性更常见。

If a cancerous tumor is discovered in one of your kidneys, the usual treatment is to surgically remove part or all of the affected kidney.

如果肿瘤未被拆除，则更有可能将癌症蔓延到您的淋巴结或其他器官。叫做癌症的传播metastasis.

In the case of RCC, the tumor can invade a large vein leading out of the kidney. It can also spread to the lymph system and other organs. The lungs are especially vulnerable.

肾癌阶段描述了American Joint Committee on Cancerdeveloped. The system is better known as the TNM system.

  • “T”指肿瘤。医生分配了一个基于肿瘤的大小和生长的数字。
  • “n”描述癌症是否蔓延到淋巴系统中的任何节点。
  • “m”意味着癌症已转移。

Based on the characteristics above, doctors assign RCC a stage. The stage is based on the size of the tumor and the spread of the cancer.

There are four stages:

  • 阶段1和2描述肿瘤仍在肾脏中的癌症。第2阶段意味着肿瘤越过七厘米。
  • Stages 3 and 4意味着癌症的蔓延到主要静脉或附近的组织或淋巴结。
  • Stage 4is the most advanced form of the disease. Stage 4 means that the cancer has spread to the adrenal gland or has spread to distant lymph nodes or other organs. Because the adrenal gland is attached to the kidney, the cancer often spreads there first.

肾癌的五年存活率基于在被诊断出现后患有至少5年的人的百分比。

The 美国癌症学会 (ACS) reports the percentage of people living 5 years or more after diagnosis according to three stages based on data from the National Cancer Institute.

这些阶段是：

  • 本地化（癌症没有超越肾脏）
  • 区域（癌症在附近传播）
  • distant (cancer has spread to distant parts of the body)

根据ACS，基于这三个阶段的RCC存活率是：

  • localized: 93％
  • 区域：70％
  • 遥远：12 percent

您收到的治疗类型主要取决于癌症的阶段。1阶段RCC可以用手术治疗。

但是，当癌症前进到第4阶段，手术可能不是一个选择。

If the tumor and metastasis can be isolated, surgical removal of the cancerous tissue and/or treatment of the metastatic tumor by removal or other procedures such as stereotactic body radiation therapy or thermal ablation may still be possible.

If you have stage 4 RCC, your doctor will consider the location and spread of your cancer and your overall health to determine your eligibility for surgery.

如果手术不是治疗4级RCC的现实选择，您的医生可能会建议使用药物组合的系统疗法。

可以获得肿瘤样本，称为活组织检查，以帮助确定您的特定癌症的最佳疗法。治疗可能取决于您是否具有透明细胞或非透明细胞RCC。

Targeted therapy and immunotherapy, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors and anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies, can be used to treat stage 4 RCC. A specific drug may be given alone or in combination with another drug.

治疗s may include:

  • axitinib + pembrolizumab.
  • Pazopanib.
  • 孙尼替尼
  • ipilimumab + nivolumab
  • cabozantinib

通过临床试验可以获得新的治疗方法。您可以讨论注册A的选项 临床试验 with your doctor.

Your doctor may also recommend supportive treatments to help with any side effects or symptoms.

If you’ve been diagnosed with stage 4 RCC, remember that published survival rates are estimates.

Your individual prognosis depends on your specific type of cancer and how far it has advanced, response to treatments, and your overall health.

The key is to:

  • 跟随你的医生的建议
  • go to your appointments
  • 服用您的药物

此外，请务必通过任何治疗建议或生活方式改变，以解决任何副作用和症状。这可以帮助通过治疗的整体健康和幸福。