Raising children is difficult, and raising difficult children can be life disrupting. But being able to tell whether your child is just going through a stage, or if something is really wrong isn’t always that easy.
A tantrum doesn’t automatically mean your 2-year-old has a problem with authority, and a kindergartner who doesn’t want to sit still doesn’t necessarily have an attention disorder. When it comes to understanding our children’s behavior, experts say diagnoses and labels should be kept to a minimum.
孩子psychology experts from the University of Oxford and University of Pittsburgh say that the term “disorder”should be usedcautiously for children up to 5 years old, and question its validity. Professors Frances Gardner and Daniel S. Shaw say the evidence is limited that problems in preschool indicate problems later in life, or that behavioral issues are evidence of a true disorder. “There are concerns about distinguishing normal from abnormal behavior in this period of rapid developmental change,” they wrote.
That being said, a conservative approach to handling behavioral and emotional issues in this age group is best.
Rarely will a child under 5 years old receive a diagnosis of a serious behavioral disorder. However, they may begin displaying symptoms of a disorder that could be diagnosed later in childhood. These may include:
- 注意力缺陷多动障碍（adhd）
- 对立违抗性障碍（奇怪的）
- 自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）
- 焦虑症
- depression
- 躁郁症
- 学习障碍
- conduct disorders
Many of these you’ve likely heard of. Others are more rare or aren’t often used outside of discussions about childhood psychology.
例如，奇怪的是包括愤怒的爆发，通常是针对权威的人。但诊断依赖于持续六个月的行为，扰乱儿童的运作。进行疾病是一个更严重的诊断，涉及行为将会考虑残忍，两人以及动物。这可能包括身体暴力甚至犯罪活动 - 在学龄前儿童中非常罕见的行为。
Autism, meanwhile, is actually a broad range of disorders that can affect children in a variety of ways, including behaviorally, socially, and cognitively. They are considered a neurological disorder and, unlike other behavioral disorders, the symptoms may begin as early as infanthood. According to the美国精神病学会，关于68名儿童中的一个诊断患有自闭症谱系障碍。
比上述临床疾病更可能是您的幼儿正在经历临时行为和/或情绪问题。许多人随着时间的推移，需要父母的耐心和理解。
在某些情况下，保证外部咨询，可能有效地帮助儿童应对压力康们。专业人士可以帮助您的孩子学习如何控制他们的愤怒，如何通过他们的情绪来工作，以及如何更有效地传达他们的需求。出于明显的原因，此时代的药物儿童是有争议的。
Parenting styles are rarely to blame for childhood behavioral problems. And if you’re searching out solutions to help your family cope, that’s a pretty good indication that you aren’t causing your child’s issues. Still, parents play a crucial role in treating early childhood behavioral issues.
When we talk about parenting styles, there are four main types, one of which is most effective in raising well-adjusted and well-behaved children:
- 专制育儿：雷竞技ray严格的规则，没有妥协，没有孩子的意见。
- 权威育儿：雷竞技ray严格的规则，但父母愿意与孩子倾听并合作。更多的民主而非专制育儿。雷竞技ray
- Permissive parenting:少数规则，少数要求对孩子们。在这个家中没有纪律，父母通常承担朋友的角色。
- 未经培养的育儿：雷竞技rayNo rules and very little interaction. These parents are detached and may reject or neglect their children.
权威的育儿最有可能提高调整良雷竞技ray好和快乐的孩子。未经认情的父母最有可能提高缺乏自尊，自我控制和一般能力的儿童，说专家。
What we can learn from these parenting styles is that children need clear rules and consequences, but they also need a parent who is willing to listen and guide.
同理心，合作的态度，平静的气质是父母作为孩子挣扎的关键特征。此外，知道何时询问帮助是关键。
如果您的孩子的行为变得破坏了家庭或其教育的定期运行，或者他们变得暴力，是时候与专业人士交谈了。
提高行为问题的儿童并不容易。但在急于诊断他们或变成严格的纪律，伸出援手。您的儿科医生可以了解您的孩子的行为是否正常为其年龄，并提供资源以获得帮助。