表阿片提取是什么？
阿片类药物are a class of drugs that are commonly prescribed to treat pain. Opioids include both opiates (drugs derived from the opium poppy, including morphine, codeine, heroin, and opium) and synthetic opioids like hydrocodone, oxycodone, and methadone, which have similar effects. Prescription opioids include:
- Oxycontin (oxycodone)
- Vicodin (hydrocodone and acetaminophen)
- Dilaudid (hydromorphone)
- morphine
虽然对治疗疼痛非常有用，但这些药物可能导致物理依赖和addiction。According to the
Certain illegal drugs, such as heroin, are also opioids. Methadone is an opioid that is often prescribed to treat pain, but may also be used to treat withdrawal symptoms in people who have become addicted to opioids.
If you stop or decrease the amount of opioids you’re taking, you may experience physical symptoms of withdrawal. This is especially true if you’ve been using these medications at high doses for more than a few weeks. Many systems in your body are altered when you take large amounts of opioids for a long time. Withdrawal effects occur because it takes time for your body to adjust to no longer having opioids in your system.
Opioid withdrawal can be categorized as mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe. Your primary care provider can determine this by evaluating your opioid use history and symptoms, and by using diagnostic tools like the临床印章戒断规模。
阿片类药物在大脑，脊髓和gastrointestinal tract。Whenever opioids attach to these receptors, they exert their effects. The brain actually manufactures its own opioids, which are responsible for a whole host of effects, including decreasing pain, lowering the respiratory rate, and even helping to preventdepressionandanxiety。
However, the body does not produce opioids in large quantities — that is, enough to treat the pain associated with abroken leg。此外，身体从未产生足够大量的阿片类药物以引起过量。阿片类药物和非法药物模仿这些天然存在的阿片类药物。
这些药物可以通过几种方式影响身体：
- 阿片类药物may affect the brainstem, which controls functions like breathing and heartbeat, by slowing breathing or reducing coughing.
- 阿片类药物may act on specific areas of the brain known as the limbic system, which controls emotions, to create feelings of pleasure or relaxation.
- 阿片类药物通过影响脊髓来减少疼痛，从而从大脑发送到身体的其余部分，反之亦然。
When you take opioid medication for a long time, your body becomes desensitized to the effects. Over time, your body needs more and more of the drug to achieve the same effect. This can be very dangerous and increases your risk of accidental overdose.
长时间使用这些药物会改变神经受体在脑中工作的方式，这些受体会依赖于药物的功能。如果在停止服用阿片类药物后，如果在物理生病，可能是您在物理上依赖物质的迹象。退出症状是身体对缺乏药物的物理反应。
Many people become dependent on these drugs in order to avoid pain or withdrawal symptoms. In some cases, people don’t even realize that they’ve become dependent. They may mistake withdrawal for symptoms of the flu or another condition.
您体验的症状将取决于您正在遇到的撤回水平。此外，多个因素决定了一个人会遇到退出症状的时间。因此，每个人都经历表阿片类药物。但是，通常存在症状进展的时间表。
Early symptoms typically begin in the first 24 hours after you stop using the drug, and they include:
- muscle aches
- restlessness
- anxiety
- lacrimation（眼睛撕毁）
- runny nose
- excessive sweating
- 无法睡觉
- 经常打呵欠
Later symptoms, which can be more intense, begin after the first day or so. They include:
虽然非常令人不快和痛苦，但症状通常在72小时内开始改善，并且在一周内，您应该注意到急性症状的急性症状的显着降低。
生来的婴儿患者沉迷于或使用阿片类药物，同时孕育常常经历戒断症状。这些可能包括：
- 消化问题
- poor feeding
- dehydration
- vomiting
- 缉获
It’s important to remember that different drugs remain in your system for different lengths of time and this can affect withdrawal onset. The amount of time your symptoms last depends on the frequency of use and severity of the addiction, as well as individual factors like your overall health.
For example, heroin is typically eliminated from your system faster, and symptoms will start within 12 hours of last use. If you’ve been on methadone, it may take a day and a half for symptoms to begin.
一些专家指出，恢复需要至少六个月的总禁欲期，在此期间，该人可能仍可能遇到退出的症状。这有时被称为“旷日持注目的禁欲”。与您的医疗保健提供者讨论持续的症状很重要。
为了诊断表述撤销，您的初级保健提供者将进行体检并提出有关症状的问题。他们也可以订购尿and血液测试to check for the presence of opioids in your system.
You may be asked questions about past drug use and your medical history. Answer openly and honestly to get the best treatment and support.
阿片类药物戒断可能是非常不舒服的，很多人继续服用这些药物以避免令人不快的症状，或者他们试图自己管理这些症状。然而，受控环境中的医疗可以让您更加舒适，导致成功的机会更大。
Mild withdrawal can be treated with acetaminophen (Tylenol), aspirin, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen. Plenty of fluids and rest are important. Medications such as loperamide (Imodium) can help with diarrhea and hydroxyzine (Vistaril, Atarax) may ease nausea.
More intense withdrawal symptoms may require hospitalization and other medications. One medication used primarily in the inpatient setting isclonidine。Clonidine can help reduce the intensity of withdrawal symptoms by
- anxiety
- 痉挛
- muscle aches
- restlessness
- sweating
- tears
- runny nose
Suboxone.是较温和的阿片类药物（Buprenorphine）和阿片类药物（纳洛酮）的组合，不会产生其他阿片类药物的许多上瘾作用。阿片类药物大部分适用于胃部以防止constipation。If injected it will cause immediate withdrawal, so the combination is less likely to be abused than other formulations. When taken by mouth, this combination can be used to treat symptoms of withdrawal and can shorten the intensity and length of detoxification from other, more dangerous, opioids.
美沙酮可用于长期维护疗法。它仍然是一个强大的阿片类药物，但它可以以受控的方式减少，这不太可能产生激烈的戒断症状。
很少完成迅速的排毒。它在麻醉下用阿片类药物，例如纳洛酮或纳曲酮。有一些证据表明这种方法会降低症状，但不一定会影响退出时花费的时间。此外，呕吐通常在撤回期间发生，并且在麻醉下呕吐的可能性大大增加了死亡的风险。因此，大多数医生犹豫使用这种方法，因为风险超过了潜在的好处。
Nausea and vomiting can be significant symptoms during the withdrawal process. Inadvertent breathing of vomited material into the lungs (known as aspiration) can be a serious complication associated with withdrawal, as it can lead to the development of pneumonia (aspiration pneumonia).
腹泻是另一个非常不舒服和潜在危险的戒断症状。失去流体和electrolytesfrom diarrhea can cause the heart to beat in an abnormal manner, which can lead to circulatory problems and even heart attack. It’s important to replace fluids lost to vomiting and diarrhea to prevent these complications.
Even if you don’t experience vomiting, nausea can be very uncomfortable. Muscle cramps and joint pain can also be present during opioid withdrawal. The good news is that your primary care provider can work with you by providing select medications that can help with these uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms.
同样重要的是要注意,一些人may experience other withdrawal symptoms not listed here. This is why it’s important to work with your primary care provider during the withdrawal period.
If you’ve stopped taking opioid medication and are experiencing withdrawal symptoms, see your doctor as soon as possible. Your doctor can help manage symptoms and adjust your medication regimen. You should not stop taking prescribed opioid medication without consulting your doctor.
Seeking help for an opioid addiction will improve your overall health and reduce your risk of relapse, accidental overdose, and complications related to opioid addiction. Talk to your doctor or healthcare provider about treatment programs or support groups in your area. The overall improvement in physical and mental health is worth the pain and discomfort of withdrawal.