What are nausea and vomiting?

Vomiting是一个无法控制的反射，它通过嘴驱逐胃的内容物。它也被称为“生病”或“呕吐”。Nauseais a term that describes the feeling that you might vomit, but aren’t actually vomiting.

恶心和呕吐都是非常常见的症​​状，可以由广泛的因素引起。他们发生在儿童和成人身上，尽管它们可能是孕妇和接受癌症治疗的人群中最常见的。

Nausea and vomiting may occur together or separately. They can be caused by a number of physical and psychological conditions.

Nausea

The most common causes of nausea are intense pain — usually from an injury or illness — and the first trimester ofpregnancy. There are also a number of other relatively common causes, including:

如果你有胆结石, you’re also likely to feel nauseated.

你可能会发现某些闻起来带来了恶心的感觉。这是一个非常常见的症​​状怀孕的第一个三个月，虽然它也可能发生在没有怀孕的人身上。妊娠诱导的恶心通常由第二个或第三个三个月消失。

呕吐孩子

The most common causes of vomiting in children are viral infections and food poisoning. However, vomiting can also be caused by:

  • 严重疾病
  • coughing
  • 高烧
  • 暴饮暴食

In very young infants, blocked intestines can also cause persistent vomiting. The intestines may become blocked by abnormal muscular thickening,hernia, gallstones, or tumors. This is uncommon, but should be investigated if unexplained vomiting occurs in an infant.

在成年人中呕吐

大多数成年人很少呕吐。当它发生时，细菌或病毒感染或一种食物中毒通常会导致呕吐。在某些情况下，呕吐也可以是其他疾病的结果，特别是如果他们导致了一个headacheor high发热.

慢性胃状况

Chronic, or long-term, stomach conditions can often cause nausea and vomiting. These conditions can come along with other symptoms, such as腹泻,便秘， 和肚子痛. These chronic conditions include food intolerances, such as腹菌病and dairy protein and乳糖不耐受.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)is a common stomach condition that causes bloating, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, fatigue, and cramping. It occurs when parts of the gut become overactive. Doctors usually diagnose IBS by identifying symptoms and ruling out other stomach and bowel conditions.

Crohn’s disease是一种炎症性肠疾病，通常会影响肠道，但它可以在消化道中的任何地方发生。克罗恩病是一种自身免疫条件，身体攻击其自己的健康肠道组织，引起炎症，恶心，呕吐和疼痛。

Doctors usually diagnose Crohn’s disease using acolonoscopy, a procedure that uses a small camera to explore the colon. Sometimes they also need a stool sample to help diagnose the condition.

Lifestyle choices

某些生活方式选择可以增加体验恶心和呕吐的机会。

消耗大量的alcohol会造成肠道衬里损坏。酒精也可以与胃酸反应。这两种都会导致恶心和呕吐。在某些情况下，过量的酒精消耗也会导致消化道中出血。

Eating disorders

An eating disorder is when a person adjusts their eating habits and behaviors based on an unhealthy body image. It can cause nausea and vomiting.

Bulimia是一种饮食障碍，其中一个人诱导呕吐呕吐，以吹扫任何消耗的食物的胃。人们anorexiamay also feel nausea due to starvation and excess stomach acid.

严重的条件

虽然罕见，呕吐有时会作为一种更严重的病情的症状，包括：

If you’re persistently vomiting, go see your doctor.

如果您有恶心或呕吐超过一周，请寻求医疗保健。大多数呕吐案件在第一次发作后6到24小时内清除。

6岁以下

Seek emergency care for any child under 6 years old who:

  • 有呕吐和腹泻
  • hasprojectile vomiting
  • 显示出症状dehydration，如皱纹的皮肤，烦躁，弱脉冲，或意识减少
  • has been vomiting for more than two or three hours
  • 发烧超过100°F（38°C）
  • 在超过六个小时内没有尿尿

Over 6 years old

Seek emergency care for children over 6 years old if:

  • vomiting has lasted for more than 24 hours
  • 有脱水的症状
  • the child hasn’t urinated in more than six hours
  • 孩子出现使困惑orlethargic
  • 孩子的发烧高于102°F（39°C）

Adults

如果您有以下任何症状，请寻求紧急医疗保健：

您可以使用许多方法来缓解恶心和呕吐，包括家庭疗法和药物。

恶心的自我治疗

To treat nausea at home:

  • 仅消耗光，普通食物，如面包和饼干。
  • Avoid any foods that have strong flavors, are very sweet, or are greasy or fried.
  • Drink cold liquids.
  • Avoid any activity after eating.
  • 喝一杯ginger tea.

Self-treatment for vomiting

  • Eat smaller, more frequent meals.
  • 喝大量清澈的液体以保持水合，但一次将其用小啜饮。
  • Avoid solid foods of any kind until vomiting stops.
  • 休息。
  • Avoid using medications that may upset your stomach, such asnonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugsorcorticosteroids.
  • Use an oral rehydration solution to replace lost electrolytes.

医疗保健

Before prescribing medication, you doctor will ask you questions about when the nausea and vomiting began and when it’s at its worst. They may also ask you about your eating habits and whether anything makes the vomiting and nausea better or worse.

A number of prescription medications can control nausea and vomiting, including medications you can use during pregnancy. These includepromethazine（Phenergan），二酚胺（Benadryl），三甲酰胺（Tigan）和ondansetron（Zofran）。

除非您有潜在的慢性病，​​否则大多数恶心和呕吐都会自行清除。

However, persistent vomiting can cause dehydration and营养不良. You may also find that your hair and nails become weak and brittle, and that constant vomiting decays your tooth enamel.

You can avoid nausea by eating smaller meals throughout the day, eating slowly, and resting after eating. Some people find that avoiding certain food groups and spicy foods prevents nausea.

如果你开始感到令人遗憾的是，在起床之前吃普通的饼干，试着消耗高蛋白质食物，如奶酪，瘦肉或坚果，然后睡觉前。

If you’re vomiting, try to drink small amounts of a sugary liquid, such as a soda or fruit juice. Drinking ginger ale or eating ginger can help settle your stomach. Avoid acidic juices, such as orange juice. They may upset your stomach further.

超柜台药物，如meclizine(Bonine) and dimenhydrinate (Dramamine), can lessen the effects of motion sickness. Limit snacks during car rides and look straight out of a front window if you’re prone to motion sickness.