概述
偏头痛are severe, debilitating头痛通常其特征是在您的头部一个区域中剧烈的th动或脉冲。
They can include sensitivity to light, sound, and smell, create visual disturbances such as auras, and can even cause nausea or vomiting. Migraines aremore than a headache并可能影响您的日常生活。
偏头痛are commonly treated with medication. There are two categories of drugs used to treat migraines:
- 急性治疗，偏头痛期间的疼痛和其他症状
- 预防治疗，以减少偏头痛的频率和严重程度
These drugs are taken at the onset of migraine symptoms or光环缓解头痛或减轻其严重程度。
服用这些药物中的任何一种可能会导致rebound headache, headaches that arise from the overuse of medication, which then necessitates additional medication.
如果您需要每月9次使用急性偏头痛药物，请与您的医生讨论可能的预防治疗。
Some over-the-counter (OTC) painkillers are commonly used for migraines, but many are only available in prescription strength.
Aside from acetaminophen, an analgesic that only relieves pain, these drugs are非甾体类抗炎药（NSAIDS），减轻疼痛并减轻炎症：
- acetaminophen（Excedrin，泰诺）
- aspirin
- diclofenac (Cataflam)
- ibuprofen（Advil，Motrin）
- Ketorolac（托拉多)
- 萘普生（Aleve）
Many OTC drugs marketed specifically for migraine or headaches in general combine one or more of the drugs above with a small amount of caffeine, which can make them work more quickly and effectively, especially for mild migraine headaches.
长期NSAID使用的可能副作用包括：
麦角胺是专门用于偏头痛的第一类药物。它们会导致大脑周围的血管收缩，并在几分钟内缓解偏头痛。
Ergotamines are available as pills, tablets that dissolve under your tongue, nasal sprays, suppositories, and injections. They’re generally taken at the first sign of headache symptoms, and some have the option to take additional doses every 30 minutes if the headache continues.
Some ergotamines are:
- dihydroergotamine (DHE-45, Migranal)
- ergotamine (Ergomar)
- 麦角胺和咖啡因（Cafatine，Cafergot，Cafetrate，Ercaf，Migergot，Wigraine）
- methysergide (Sansert)
- methylergonovine (Methergine)
麦角胺可能会产生危险的副作用。它们会引起先天缺陷和心脏问题，并高剂量有毒。
If you’re pregnant or breastfeeding or have heart disease, you shouldn’t take ergotamines. Ergotamines can also interact negatively with other drugs, including antifungal and antibiotic medications.
Triptans是一种较新的药物，可以增加大脑中的5-羟色胺水平，减少炎症和收缩血管，有效地结束偏头痛。
Triptans可作为药丸，鼻喷雾剂，注射剂和片剂，可以溶解在您的舌头下，并迅速努力阻止偏头痛。
Some triptans are:
- almotriptan（Axert）
- eletriptan (Relpax)
- Frovatriptan（Frova）
- naratriptan (Amerge)
- Rizatriptan（Maxalt，Maxalt-MLT）
- 苏门普坦（imitrex）
- 苏门普坦and naproxen (Treximet)
- zolmitriptan (Zomig)
Possible side effects of triptans include:
- 脚趾刺痛或麻木
- 睡意
- 头晕
- nausea
- tightness or discomfort in your chest or throat
People with heart problems or who are at risk for stroke should avoid triptans.
triptanscan also cause the potentially fatal5-羟色胺综合征if taken with other drugs that increase serotonin, such as antidepressants.
这些药物减少了可能伴随严重偏头痛的恶心和呕吐。它们通常与止痛药一起服用，因为它们不会减轻疼痛。
其中包括：
这些药物可能会使您昏昏欲睡，警觉或头晕，并具有其他可能的副作用。
If migraine pain doesn’t respond to other painkillers and you can’t take ergotamines or triptans, your doctor may prescribeopioids- 更强大的止痛药。
Many migraine drugs are a combination of opioids and painkillers. Some opioids are:
- 可待因
- Mepredine（Demerol）
- morphine
- 羟考酮(OxyContin)
阿片类药物有严重的成瘾风险，因此通常会谨慎开处方。
如果您经常经常偏头痛，您的医生可能会开一种预防性药物以降低偏头痛的频率和强度。
These drugs are taken on a regular basis, usually daily, and may be prescribed alone or in combination with other drugs.
他们可能需要数周或几个月才能生效。这些药物通常用于其他疾病，对偏头痛也有效。
CGRP拮抗剂是批准预防偏头痛的最新药物。
They work on the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a protein that’s found around the brain. CGRP is involved in the pain associated with a migraine.
这类药物预计将在明年增长。当前的包括：
- erenumab (Aimovig)
- Fremanezumab（Ajovy）
Commonly prescribed for high blood pressure, beta-blockers decrease the effects of stress hormones on your heart and blood vessels, and can help reduce both the frequency and intensity of migraines.
其中包括：
β受体阻滞剂的副作用可能包括：
- 疲劳
- nausea
- 站立时头晕
- 沮丧
- 失眠
钙通道阻滞剂是血压药物，可缓解血管的收缩和扩张，在偏头痛疼痛中起作用。
一些钙通道阻滞剂包括：
钙通道阻滞剂的副作用可能包括：
- low blood pressure
- weight gain
- 头晕
- 便秘
抗抑郁药影响包括5-羟色胺在内的各种大脑化学物质的水平。5-羟色胺的增加可以减少炎症并收缩血管，帮助减轻偏头痛。
一些用于治疗偏头痛的抗抑郁药是：
- 阿米替林（Elavil，exepep）
- 氟西汀（百忧解，萨拉菲姆）
- 丙咪胺（tofranil）
- Nortriptyline（Aventyl，Pamelor）
- paroxetine（Paxil，Pexeva）
- 舍曲林（Zoloft）
- venlafaxine（effexor）
抗抑郁药的一些副作用包括体重增加和性欲减少。
抗惊厥药prevent seizures caused by epilepsy and other conditions. They may also alleviate migraine symptoms by calming overactive nerves in your brain.
一些抗惊厥药包括：
- divalproex-sodium（depakote，depakote er）
- 加巴喷丁（Neurontin）
- levetiracetam (Keppra)
- pregabalin（lyrica）
- tiagabine (Gabitril)
- 托吡酯(Topamax)
- 瓣膜（Depakene）
- Zonisamide（Zonegran）
Side effects of anticonvulsants may include:
- nausea
- 呕吐
- 腹泻
- weight gain
- sleepiness
- 头晕
- 模糊的视野
The FDA has approved Botox (Botulinum toxin type A) injections in your forehead or neck muscles for the treatment of慢性偏头痛.
Generally, they’re repeated every three months, and can be costly.