Measles, or rubeola, is a病毒感染从呼吸系统开始。尽管有一种安全，有效的疫苗，但它仍然是全世界死亡的重要原因。
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了解有关麻疹症状的更多信息，如何传播，以及如何防止它。
Symptoms of measles generally first appear within 10 to 12 days of exposure to the virus. They include:
A widespreadskin rashis a classic sign of measles. This rash can last up to 7 days and generally appears within 14 days of exposure to the virus. It commonly develops on the head and slowly spreads to other parts of the body.
麻疹是由来自副Xovirus家族的病毒感染引起的。病毒是微小的寄生微生物。一旦感染，病毒就会侵入宿主细胞并使用蜂窝分量完成其生命周期。
麻疹病毒首先感染呼吸道。然而，它最终通过血液传播到身体的其他部位。
Measles is only known to occur in humans and not in other animals. There are
Measles can be spread through the air from respiratory droplets and small aerosol particles. An infected person can release the virus into the air when they cough or sneeze.
These respiratory particles can also settle on objects and surfaces. You can become infected if you come into contact with a contaminated object, such as a door handle, and then touch your face, nose, or mouth.
The measles virus can live outside of the body for longer than you may think. In fact, it can remain infectious in the air or on surfaces for up to
麻疹是高度传染性的。这意味着感染可以很容易地从人身上传播。
A susceptible person that’s exposed to the measles virus has a90 percentchance of becoming infected. Additionally, an infected person can go on to spread the virus to anywhere between9 and 18susceptible individuals.
A person that has measles can spread the virus to others before they even know that they have it. An infected person is contagious for four days before the characteristic rash appears. After the rash appears, they’re still contagious for another four days.
The main risk factor for catching measles is being unvaccinated. Additionally, some groups are at a higher risk of developing complications from measles infection, including young children, people with a weakened immune system, and pregnant women.
If you suspect that you have measles or have been exposed to someone with measles, contact your doctor immediately. They can evaluate you and direct you where to be seen to determine if you have the infection.
Doctors can confirm measles by examining your skin rash and checking for symptoms that are characteristic of the disease, such as white spots in the mouth, fever, cough, and sore throat.
如果他们怀疑您可能会根据您的历史和观察有麻疹，您的医生将订购血液测试以检查麻疹病毒。
There’s no specific treatment for measles. Unlike bacterial infections, viral infections aren’t sensitive to一种ntibiotics。The virus and symptoms typically disappear in about two or three weeks.
有一些干预措施可用于可能暴露于病毒的人。这些可以有助于预防感染或减少其严重程度。它们包括：
- 一种measles vaccine, given within 72 hours of exposure
- 一种dose of immune proteins called immunoglobulin, taken within six days of exposure
您的医生可能会推荐以下内容来帮助您恢复：
- 一种cetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil)to reduce fever
- 休息帮助提升免疫系统
- plenty offluids
- 一种加湿器缓解咳嗽和喉咙痛
- vitamin Asupplements
Although it’s often associated with childhood illness, adults can get measles too. People who aren’t vaccinated are at a higher risk of catching the disease.
It’s generally accepted that adults born during or before 1957 are naturally immune to measles. This is because the vaccine was first licensed in 1963.Before then那most people had been naturally exposed to the infection by their adolescent years and became immune as a result.
According to the
If you’re an adult who hasn’t been vaccinated or isn’t sure of their vaccination status, you should see your doctor to receive the vaccination. At least one dose of the vaccine is recommended for unvaccinated adults.
The measles vaccine isn’t given to children until they’re at least 12 months old. Before receiving their first dose of the vaccine is the time they’re most vulnerable to being infected with the measles virus.
婴儿通过被动免疫力受到麻疹的一些保护，这些免疫力通过胎盘和在胎盘和期间的母亲提供给孩子breastfeeding。
However,
Children under 5 years of age are more likely to have complications due to measles. These can include things likepneumonia那encephalitis那一种nd耳朵感染sthat can result in听力损失。
The incubation period of an infectious disease is the time that passes between exposure and when symptoms develop. The incubation period for measles is between 10 and 14 days.
After the initial incubation period, you may begin to experience nonspecific symptoms, such as fever, cough, and runny nose. The rash will begin to develop several days later.
It’s important to remember that you can still spread the infection to others for four days prior to developing the rash. If you think you’ve been exposed to measles and haven’t been vaccinated, you should contact your doctor as soon as possible.
In addition to a classic measles infection, there are also several other types of measles infections that you can get.
Atypical measles occurs in people who received a killed measles vaccine between 1963 and 1967. When exposed to measles, these individuals come down with an illness that has symptoms such as high fever, rash, and sometimes pneumonia.
修饰的麻疹发生在被曝光后免疫球蛋白和婴儿仍有一些被动免疫的人的人中。改性麻疹通常比常规麻疹均匀更温和。
在美国很少报道出血麻疹。它会导致高烧等症状，seizures那一种nd bleeding into the skin and mucus membranes.
你可能已经听过了rubella被称为“德国麻疹”。但麻疹和风疹实际上是由两种不同的病毒引起的。
Rubella isn’t as contagious as measles. However, it can cause serious complications if a woman develops the infection while pregnant.
尽管不同的病毒导致麻疹和风疹，但它们也以几种方式类似。两种病毒：
- can be spread through the air from coughing and sneezing
- cause fever and a distinctive rash
- 只发生在人类
Both measles and rubella are included in the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) and measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccines.
There a few ways to prevent becoming ill with measles.
Vaccination
Getting vaccinated is the best way to prevent measles. Two doses of the measles vaccine are
There are two vaccines available — the MMR vaccine and the MMRV vaccine. The MMR vaccine is a three-in-one vaccination that can protect you from measles,mumps那一种ndrubella。The MMRV vaccine protects against the same infections as the MMR vaccine and also includes protection againstchickenpox。
孩子们可以在12个月内收到他们的第一次疫苗接种，或者在国际上旅行，他们的第二个剂量在4和6岁之间，他们从未接受免疫的成年人可以从医生那里要求疫苗。
Some groups shouldn’t receive a vaccination against measles. These groups include:
- people who’ve had a previous life-threatening reaction to the measles vaccine or its components
- pregnant women
- immunocompromised individuals, which can include people withHIV or AIDS那people undergoing cancer treatment, or people onmedications that suppressthe immune system
Side effects to vaccination are typically mild and disappear in a few days. They can include things like fever and mild rash. In rare cases, the vaccine has been linked tolow platelet countorseizures。Most children and adults who receive a measles vaccine don’t experience side effects.
Some believe that the measles vaccine can cause一种utismin children. As a result, an intense amount ofstudyhas been devoted to this topic over many years. This research has found that there is
Vaccination isn’t just important for protecting you and your family. It’s also important for protecting people who can’t be vaccinated. When more people are vaccinated against a disease, it’s less likely to circulate within the population. This is called herd immunity.
To achieve herd immunity against measles, approximately
其他预防方法
不是每个人都可以接种麻疹疫苗接种。但是还有其他方法可以帮助防止麻疹的传播。
If you’re susceptible to infection:
- 练习良好的手hygiene。在吃浴室后吃手，然后在抚摸你的脸，嘴巴或鼻子之前洗手。
- Don’t share personal items with people who may be ill. This can include things like eating utensils, drinking glasses, and toothbrushes.
- 避免与生病的人接触
如果你生病了麻疹：
- Stay home from work or school and other public places until you aren’t contagious. This is four days after you first develop the measles rash.
- Avoid contact with people who may be vulnerable to infection, such as infants too young to be vaccinated and immunocompromised people.
- Cover your nose and mouth if you need to cough or sneeze. Dispose of all used tissues promptly. If you don’t have a tissue available, sneeze into the crook of your elbow, not into your hand.
- Be sure to wash your hands frequently and to disinfect any surfaces or objects that you touch frequently.
Pregnant women who don’t have immunity to measles should take care to avoid exposure during their pregnancy. Coming down with measles during your pregnancy can have significant negative health effects on both the mother and fetus.
Pregnant women are at an increased risk for complications from measles such aspneumonia。Additionally, having measles while pregnant can lead to the following pregnancy complications:
Measles can also be transmitted from mother to child if the mother has measles close to her delivery date. This is called congenital measles. Babies with congenital measles have a rash after birth or develop one shortly afterward. They’re at an increased risk of complications, which can be life-threatening.
如果您怀孕，请不要对麻疹有免疫力，并相信您已经暴露，您应该立即联系您的医生。接受注射免疫球蛋白可能有助于预防感染。
Measles has a low death rate in healthy children and adults, and most people who contract the measles virus recover fully. The risk of complications is higher in the following groups:
- children under 5 years old
- 一种dults over 20 years old
- pregnant women
- 有A.的人weakened immune system
- individuals who are malnourished
- 有A.的人vitamin A deficiency
Approximately
Other complications associated with measles may include:
- 耳朵感染
- bronchitis
- croup
- severediarrhea
- 失明
- pregnancy complications, such asmiscarriageorpreterm labor
- subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a rare degenerative condition of the nervous system that develops years after infection
It is highly unlikely that you get measles more than once. After you have had the virus, your body has developed immunity against the infection.
However, measles and its potential complications are preventable through vaccination. Vaccination not only protects you and your family, but also prevents the measles virus from circulating in your community and affecting those who can’t be vaccinated.