钠是一种必不可少的电解质，有助于维持细胞内和周围的水平。这对于适当的肌肉和神经功能很重要。它还有助于保持稳定的血压水平。

Insufficient sodium in your blood is known as hyponatremia. It occurs when water and sodium are out of balance. In other words, there’s either too much water or not enough sodium in your blood.

Normally, your sodium level should be between135 and 145 milliequivalents per liter。当您的钠水平低于135 MEQ/L时，低钠血症就会发生。

症状of low blood sodium can vary from person to person. If your sodium levels fall gradually, you may not experience any symptoms at first, but they will eventually manifest. If they drop very quickly, your symptoms may be more obvious and severe.

低钠血症的常见症状包括：

Severe symptoms of hyponatremia

Losing sodium quickly is a medical emergency. It cancause：

  • 过度活跃的反射
  • 意识丧失
  • 癫痫发作
  • coma
  • 在最严重的情况下，死亡

If you or someone you know seems to be losing consciousness or is having a seizure, call 911 immediately.

Many factors can cause hyponatremia. Your sodium levels may get too low if your body loses too much water and electrolytes. Hyponatremia may also be a symptom of certain medical conditions.

低钠血症的原因include:

Certain factors increase your risk of hyponatremia, including:

If you’re at risk for low sodium, you may need to be more careful about your intake of electrolytes and water. Make sure to talk to your doctor about your risk factors and if there are any steps you can take to lessen your risk.

If hyponatremia is not treated, it can lead to serious complications, including:

  • osteoporosis
  • brain swelling
  • brain injury
  • 癫痫发作
  • death
  • osteoporosis and bone fractures

If you are at a higher risk for hyponatremia due to preexisting conditions, it’s important to take any new symptom seriously and talk to a doctor as quickly as possible.

血液检查可以帮助您的医生检查低钠水平。即使您没有低血液钠的症状，您的医生也可能订购基本的代谢面板。这测试了血液中的电解质和矿物质的量。

一个basic metabolic panelis often part of a routine physical. It may identify low blood sodium in someone without any symptoms.

如果您的水平异常，您的医生将订购尿检to check the amount of sodium in your urine. The results of this test will help your doctor determine the cause of your low blood sodium:

  • 如果您的血液钠水平很低，但尿液水平很高，则您的身体会失去太多的钠。
  • 血液和尿液中的低钠水平都意味着您的身体没有足够的钠。您的体内也可能有太多的水。

如果您的医生仍然不确定诊断，他们可能会命令其他一些测试检查低钠血症， including ：

  • 肝功能测试
  • 胸部X射线或计算机断层扫描（CT）扫描
  • CT scan of your head

低血液钠的治疗取决于原因，症状的严重程度以及血液水平的低点。它可能包括：

  • cutting back on fluid intake
  • adjusting the dosage of diuretics
  • 服用因头痛，恶心和癫痫发作等症状的药物
  • 治疗潜在条件
  • stopping or changing a medication for a chronic condition that may be negatively affecting blood sodium
  • an intravenous (IV) sodium solution

保持水和电解质水平尽可能平衡可以帮助防止低血液钠。

如果您是运动员，那么在运动过程中喝适量的水很重要。

您可能还想考虑喝补液饮料。这些饮料含有电解质，并有助于补充钠因出汗而丢失。如果您通过呕吐或腹泻失去了很多液体，这些饮料也很有帮助。

全天保持水分可以帮助控制血液中的任何野外旋转。当您充分水分时，您的尿液将是浅黄色或透明，您不会感到口渴。

如果：

  • the weather is warm
  • 你是at a high altitude
  • 你是pregnant或者breastfeeding
  • 你呕吐
  • you have diarrhea
  • 你发烧

别忘了it’s possible to drink too much water太快了。这是整日保持良好水合的另一个原因。

Hypernatremia is a condition that is closely related to hyponatremia.

What is hypernatremia?

尽管低钠血症涉及血液中低水平的血液，但当存在高钠血症太多了sodium.

When a person doesn’t get enough water, either because of limited access to water or an impaired thirst mechanism, they can develop hypernatremia. It’s caused less commonly bydiabetes insipidus。

Hypernatremia occurs when your serum sodium level 每升超过145毫米（EQ/L） 。

Hypernatremia can cause:

当血液中的钠太少时，可诊断出低钠血症。这可能是由多种因素引起的，从艾迪生氏病或库欣综合症等疾病到过度呕吐或腹泻。

Hyponatremia can be mild, and cause no symptoms, or it can be very severe and life threatening.

通常，如果低钠血症处于温和的阶段并在严重阶段进行治疗，则可以逆转。