概述

进步antiretroviral therapy艾滋病毒患者的生活更长，更健康。根据 疾病控制与预防中心（CDC） , 1.1 million Americans were living with HIV at the end of 2015.

However incredible the advances in care, people who are HIV-positive still have an important role to play in safeguarding their health. They should work closely with their healthcare providers and stay on top of their antiretroviral therapy. They also need to protect themselves from opportunistic infections, which are a serious threat to anyone living with HIV.

HIV is a virus that attacks CD4 cells (T cells). These white blood cells serve as helper cells for the immune system. CD4 cells send a biological SOS signal to other immune system cells to go on the offensive against infections.

When a person contracts HIV, the virus merges with their CD4 cells. The virus then hijacks and uses the CD4 cells to multiply. As a result, there are fewer CD4 cells to fight infections.

医疗保健提供者使用血液检查来确定患有艾滋病毒的人的血液中有多少CD4细胞，因为这是对HIV感染进展的一种量度。

With HIV, a weakened immune system increases vulnerability to a number of opportunistic infections, cancers, and other conditions. The CDC 将这些称为“定义”条件。如果某人患有这些疾病之一，艾滋病毒感染已经发展为第三阶段的艾滋病毒（AIDS), regardless of the number of CD4 cells in their blood.

以下是一些更常见的机会主义疾病。了解这些健康风险是保护它们的第一步。

念珠菌病

念珠菌病包括由Candida，真菌属。这些感染包括鹅口疮和阴道炎。在食道，支气管，气管或肺部发现时，真菌感染被认为是定义的。

Powerful and sometimes quite toxic antifungal medications are used to treat candidiasis. A healthcare provider will recommend a specific medication based on the location of infection.

例如，它们可能会针对念珠菌病引起的阴道炎开出这些药物：

  • butoconazole (Gynazole)
  • 克洛酮
  • miconazole (Monistat)

If systemic infection is present, treatment may include medications like:

  • 氟康唑(Diflucan)
  • itraconazole(Sporanox)
  • posaconazole (Noxafil)
  • 米卡芬金（霉菌）
  • 两性霉素B（真菌）

隐球菌脑膜炎

Cryptococcus是在土壤和鸟粪中发现的常见真菌。一些品种在树木周围的区域也生长，尤其是一种尤其是桉树。如果吸入Cryptococcus可能引起脑膜炎。这是大脑和脊髓周围膜的感染。

非常有效（经常有毒）抗真菌药物最初治疗隐球菌脑膜炎，就像频繁的脊柱水龙头一样。这些药物可能包括：

  • amphotericin B
  • 鞭毛蛋白（Ancobon）
  • 氟康唑
  • itraconazole

如果不及时治疗，这种情况可能是致命的。长期抑制疗法通常用于艾滋病毒患者的毒性药物较小。

隐孢子虫病

A tiny寄生虫生活在人类和动物的肠道中是造成隐孢子虫病的原因。大多数人通过喝污染的水或吃受污染的农产品来获得这种疾病。

隐孢子虫病is an unpleasant diarrheal illness for healthy people. However, for those who are HIV-positive, it can last longer and cause more severe symptoms.

通常会开处方一种称为Nitazoxanide（Alinia）的药物来治疗该疾病。

Cytomegalovirus

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)病毒最常被认为是在免疫系统疲软的患者中引起严重的眼部疾病。它可能导致失明。

CMV还可以导致身体其他部位的疾病，例如消化道和神经系统的部分地区。

这re are currently no medications to cure CMV. However, a number of powerful antiviral medications can treat the infection. These include:

  • Ganclovir（Zirgan）
  • Valgancilovir（Valcyte）
  • foscarnet (Foscavir)
  • CIDOFOVIR（Vistide）

在严重削弱免疫系统的人中，这些CMV药物通常需要长期服用。

However, the damage from CMV infection may slow with the use of antiretroviral therapy. This can result in the rebuilding of the immune system (as demonstrated by clinically significant rises in CD4 count). Anti-CMV therapy may potentially be changed to easier-to-tolerate suppressive treatments.

单纯疱疹病毒

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)is characterized by sores on the mouth, lips, and genitals. Anyone can get herpes, but people with HIV experience increased frequency and severity of outbreaks.

无法治愈疱疹。但是，长期服用的相对易于容易的药物可以减轻病毒的症状。

Pneumocystis pneumonia

肺炎肺炎肺炎（PJP）是一种真菌肺炎，如果未诊断和治疗，可能是致命的。PJP用抗生素治疗。艾滋病毒患者发育PJP的风险升高，以至于如果每微氧纤维（细胞/µL）低于200个细胞（细胞/µL），则可以使用预防性抗生素治疗。

沙门氏菌败血症

Commonly referred to as “food poisoning,”salmonellosis是肠道的细菌感染。负责的细菌通常是通过被粪便污染的食物或水传播的。

这 美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA） 有报道称，那些免疫系统疲软的人，例如艾滋病毒患者，至少有20倍的沙门氏菌病风险。沙门氏菌病可以扩散到血液，关节和器官中。

Antibiotics are commonly prescribed to treat this infection.

弓形虫病

弓形虫病是由污染食品中的寄生虫引起的。该疾病也可以从猫粪便中收缩。

这risk of significant disease from toxoplasmosis infection rises substantially once the CD4 count drops below 100 cells/µL. An HIV-positive person should ideally avoid all contact with cat feces or any other source of toxoplasmosis exposure.

人严重削弱免疫系统(less than or equal to 100 CD4 cells/µL) should receive the same preventive antibiotic therapy as that for PJP.

用抗菌药物（例如甲氧苄啶 - 磺胺甲恶唑（BACTRIM））治疗弓形虫病。

结核

结核病（TB）似乎是过去的疾病，但实际上是 死亡原因 对于患有艾滋病毒的人。

结核病是由Mycobacterium tuberculosis细菌并通过空气传播。结核病通常会影响肺部，并有两种形式：潜在结核病和活动性结核病疾病。

Individuals with HIV are more likely to become sick with TB.

该疾病在六到九个月的过程中接受了多种药物的结合，包括：

  • 异念珠菌（INH）
  • 利福平（利福丁）
  • ethambutol (Myambutol)
  • 吡嗪酰胺

With treatment, both latent and active TB can be managed, but without treatment, TB can lead to death.

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)

大多数日常环境中都存在分枝杆菌（MAC）生物。它们很少给具有健康免疫系统的人带来问题。但是，对于那些免疫系统弱的人，MAC生物可以通过胃肠道系统进入身体并传播。当生物体传播时，它们可能导致MAC疾病。

This disease causes symptoms such as fever and diarrhea, but it usually isn’t fatal. It can be treated through antimycobacterials and antiretroviral therapy.

侵入性宫颈癌

Cervical cancer从内衬子宫颈的细胞开始。子宫颈位于子宫和阴道之间。已知宫颈癌是由人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）引起的。在所有性活跃的女性中，这种病毒的传播非常普遍。但是研究清楚地表明 签约HPV的风险 rises substantially as HIV progresses.

For this reason, HIV-positive women should undergo regular pelvic exams withPAP测试。PAP测试可以检测早期宫颈癌。

Cervical cancer is considered invasive when it spreads outside the cervix. Treatment options include surgery,radiation therapy， 或者化学疗法。

Kaposi sarcoma

卡波西肉瘤（KS）is linked to infection by a virus called human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8). It causes cancerous tumors of the body’s connective tissues. Dark, purplish skin lesions are associated with KS.

KS无法治愈，但是通过抗逆转录病毒疗法，其症状通常可以完全改善或完全解决。KS患者还有许多其他治疗方法。这些包括放射疗法，病性化疗，全身化疗和类维生素类动物。

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)is a cancer of lymphocytes, cells that are part of the immune system. Lymphocytes are found throughout the body in such places as the lymph nodes, digestive tract, bone marrow, and spleen.

NHL使用了各种治疗方法，包括化学疗法，放射治疗和干细胞移植。

对于那些患有艾滋病毒，疾病或新症状的人，请迅速访问医疗保健提供者。但是，可以通过遵循以下基本准则来避免某些感染：

  • 保持抗逆转录病毒疗法并保持病毒抑制。
  • Take recommended vaccinations or preventative medications.
  • Use condoms during sex.
  • 避免猫窝和农场动物和宠物的粪便。
  • Use latex gloves when changing baby diapers that contain feces.
  • 避免患有可能签约的条件的人。
  • 不要吃稀有或生肉和贝类，未洗的水果和蔬菜或未经巴氏菌的乳制品。
  • Wash hands and any items that come in contact with raw meat, poultry, or fish.
  • 不要从湖泊或溪流中喝水。
  • 不要共享毛巾或个人护理物品。