Overview
Cholesterol— a fat-like waxy substance found in all cells — is necessary for the body to function.
But if you have too much cholesterol in your system, you can be at greater risk for heart disease and other vascular diseases. It can cause a buildup of plaque in the artery walls, which affects blood flow and can raise your risk for aheart attack。
Medications called statins can help to regulate cholesterol levels and may help address other health issues, too, although they’re not without risk.
Statins are a class of prescription drugs that help to降低胆固醇。它们阻断了身体用于使肝脏中胆固醇制成胆固醇的酶。
肝脏，以及身体中的其他细胞，作出了
提供各种类型的他汀类药物。他们都同样工作，提供了相同的效率，但人们可能比另一个人更好地工作。您的医生将根据您的胆固醇水平和用于心血管疾病的其他危险因素进行调节他汀类药物。
在找到对您最有效的人之前，您可能需要尝试两到三个不同的他人。
大多数他汀类药物成功有助于降低低密度脂蛋白，也称为LDL or “bad” cholesterol。Lowering your cholesterol levels with statins helps decrease your risk of stroke, heart attack, and other vessel-related diseases.
“They work better than any other cholesterol treatment,” says Richard N. Fogoros, MD, a cardiologist and former professor of medicine.
除了降低胆固醇之外，他汀类人提供了其他益处。例如，它们有助于稳定血管衬里，这有利于整个身体。这也使得斑块不太可能在心脏中破裂，降低心脏病发作的风险。
Statins also help to relax the blood vessels, which leads to a decrease in血压。
The most common side effects of statins include nausea, vomiting, and aches and pains in the muscles and joints. You may also have constipation, gas, or diarrhea.
当你的身体调节到药物时，副作用经常消失。
Some more serious side effects include:
- type 2 diabetes or higher blood sugar
- 混乱和记忆损失
- 肝损害
- muscle damage
- kidney damage
不是每个人服用他汀类药物的人都有副作用。根据这一点Mayo Clinic如果您的话：
- are female
- are 65 or older
- 有1或2型糖尿病
- take multiple medications to lower your cholesterol
- have a smaller body frame
- have liver or kidney disease
- consume too much alcohol
If you’re experiencing side effects, your doctor may want you to try another statin or change your dose, or try a different medication.
Statins help prevent cholesterol from forming in the liver. They may also help lower triglycerides and increase HDL levels.
Most people are able to take statins without experiencing side effects, and the most common side effects of statins are mild. One is muscle pain, but that often goes away as the body adjusts to the drug. Another common side effect is feeling dizzy while on statins.
在将他汀类药物与葡萄柚混合时，还有可能性。
Mixing the two suppresses an important enzyme that normally helps the body process the medication. It balances out how much of it goes to the bloodstream. The compounds hinder the enzyme and create higher amounts of the drug in the bloodstream.
这意味着葡萄柚可能会导致药物的副作用增加，这可能会使您面临肌肉分解，肝损伤和肾衰竭的风险。更温和的病例会导致痛苦的关节和肌肉。
In November 2018, the
这些群体具有中风或心脏病发作的高风险：
- people who have cardiovascular disease
- people with elevated LDL levels
- people with type 2 diabetes who are between 40 and 75 years old
- people who have a higher 10-year risk of heart attack
Taking statins is often (but not always) a lifelong commitment. Even if your cholesterol levels decrease, you may still need to take the medication. Otherwise, your levels will likely go back up once you’re off the meds.
但是，如果您显着改变生活方式，您可能会脱离药物。这可能包括失去大量的重量或根本改变你的饮食。
Regardless, never stop taking your meds without first speaking with your doctor.
还有其他方法可以帮助减少胆固醇。其中许多涉及生活方式的变化。
Dietary changes
某些食物s have been found to help降低胆固醇and the risk of vessel disease:
- 可溶性纤维，发现在燕麦片，李子，苹果，梨，芸豆和大麦中
- fatty fish like herring, salmon, and halibut
- 坚果，像核桃和杏仁
- olives, olive oil, and canola oils
- foods fortified with plant-based substances called sterols, such as yogurt drinks, margarines, or orange juice
- whole-grain, high-fiber, unprocessed grains
Quitting smoking
If you smoke, stopping can help improve your cholesterol levels, lower your blood pressure, and decrease your risk of a heart attack. The benefits ofquitting smoking在几小时内开始，添加Fogoros博士。
锻炼
减掉多余的体重,甚至5到10 pounds — and regularly engaging inphysical activitycan help improve your cholesterol numbers.
Walk, bike, swim, or do anything to get your heart pumping. Talk with your doctor before starting a new fitness routine.
如果您体验严重的副作用或不是他汀类候选人，您的医生可能会规定其他类型的药物治疗胆固醇水平。
胆固醇吸收抑制剂
小肠吸收你的饮食胆固醇并将其释放到血液中。胆固醇吸收抑制剂有助于限制您消耗的胆固醇的这种吸收。
ezetimibe.is one type of cholesterol absorption inhibitor.
PCSK9抑制剂
称为ProProtein转化酶枯草杆菌蛋白酶/ kexin型9（PCSK9）的基因决定了体内的低密度脂蛋白（LDL）受体的数量。然后这些受体调节LDL胆固醇进入血液中的多少。
PCSK9毒品通过抑制由基因表达的PCSK9酶进行工作。
胆汁酸杂环
使用胆固醇，肝脏使消化所需的胆汁酸。螯合剂与胆汁酸结合，使肝脏使用额外的胆固醇产生更多的胆汁酸。降低血液中的胆固醇。
组合胆固醇吸收抑制剂和他汀类药物
This combination drug lowers the absorption of cholesterol in your small intestine and your liver’s cholesterol production.
