Cholesterol is a fatty substance that circulates in your blood. Your body makes some cholesterol. You get the rest from foods you eat.
您的身体需要一些胆固醇来建立健康的细胞并制造激素。但是,当您的胆固醇过多时,它会在动脉内部收集并阻止血液流动。
未经治疗的高胆固醇可以增加您患心脏病,心脏病和中风的风险。
胆固醇有两种类型:
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)cholesterol is the unhealthy kind that builds up inside your arteries.
- 高密度脂蛋白(HDL)胆固醇是一种健康的种类,可帮助您从血液中清除LDL胆固醇。
如果您的LDL或总胆固醇水平过高,您的医生可以推荐改变生活方式和药物以改善它们。
Here are some tips to help bring your cholesterol numbers into a healthy range.
高胆固醇可能不是对您心脏的唯一威胁。拥有这些危险因素中的任何一个都可以增加您患心脏病或中风的机会:
- 心脏病的家族史
- high blood pressure
- 抽烟
- 缺乏体育锻炼
- obesity
- diabetes
如果您有任何这些危险因素,请与您的医生讨论管理它们的方法。
询问你的医生你需要多少降低你的LDL cholesterol and raise your HDL cholesterol. The following levels are ideal:
- 总胆固醇:小于200 mg/dl
- LDL胆固醇:小于100 mg/dl
- HDL cholesterol: 60 mg/dL or higher
根据您的年龄,性别和心脏病的风险,您的靶胆固醇水平可能略低或更高。
Making a few changes to your diet can help bring your numbers to healthy levels. Avoid or limit foods that contain these types of fats:
- Saturated fats.基于动物的产品增加LDL胆固醇。红肉,全脂肪乳制品,鸡蛋和植物油(如棕榈和椰子油)都含有饱和脂肪。
- Trans fats.制造商通过化学过程生产这些人造脂肪,该化学过程将液态植物油变成固体。高脂肪脂肪的食物包括油炸食品,快餐和烘焙食品。这些食物的营养较低,可以升高您的LDL胆固醇。
上面列出的许多食物也含有胆固醇,包括红肉和整个脂肪乳制品。
另一方面,某些食物可以直接降低LDL胆固醇或阻止您的身体吸收胆固醇。这些食物包括:
- 全谷物,如燕麦和大麦
- 坚果和种子
- avocados
- beans
- healthy oils, like sunflower, safflower, avocado, and olive oil
- 脂肪鱼,如鲑鱼,鲭鱼和鲱鱼
- soy
- fruits, like apples, pears, and berries
- 用固醇和stanols强化的产品,例如橙汁和人造黄油
A fast walk or bike ride each day can boost your HDL cholesterol, which helps sweep excess LDL cholesterol out of your bloodstream. Try to get in at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise 5 days a week.
中部周围的额外脂肪会增加您的LDL胆固醇并降低HDL胆固醇。失去公正
In addition to raising your risk of cancer and COPD, smoking can negatively affect your cholesterol levels. People who smoke cigarettes tend to have high total cholesterol, high LDL, and low HDL levels.
戒烟说起来容易做起来难,但是有很多选择。如果您尝试了几种方法并失败了,请您的医生推荐一种新的策略,以帮助您停止吸烟。
Prescription medication is an option if lifestyle changes alone haven’t improved your cholesterol levels.
与您的医生谈谈最佳选择。在决定是否开出降低胆固醇的药物之一时,他们会考虑您的心脏病风险和其他因素。
Statins
Statin drugs block a substance your body needs to make cholesterol. These medications decrease LDL cholesterol and increase HDL cholesterol:
- 阿托伐他汀(Lipitor)
- Fluvastatin(Lescol XL)
- lovastatin(Altoprev)
- pitavastatin (Livalo)
- pravastatin(pravachol)
- rosuvastatin(Crestor)
- simvastatin (Zocor)
他汀类药物的副作用可以包括:
- 肌肉疼痛和酸痛
- 增加血糖水平
- 恶心
- headaches
- 腹泻
- constipation
- stomach cramps
Bile acid sequestrants
胆汁酸螯合剂阻止胃中的胆汁酸被吸收到血液中。为了制造更多这些消化物质,您的肝脏必须从血液中吸取胆固醇,从而降低胆固醇水平。
These drugs include:
- 胆碱胺(prevalite)
- Colesevelam(Welchol)
- Colestipol(Colestid)
胆汁酸遗星的副作用可以包括:
- heartburn
- bloating
- gas
- constipation
- 恶心
- 腹泻
胆固醇吸收抑制剂
胆固醇吸收抑制剂lower cholesterol by blocking the absorption of cholesterol in your intestines.
这堂课有两种药物。一个是ezetimibe(Zetia)。另一个是依泽替伯 - 西米伐他汀,将胆固醇吸收抑制剂和他汀类药物结合在一起。
Side effects of cholesterol absorption inhibitors can include:
- stomach pain
- gas
- constipation
- muscle soreness
- 疲倦
- 弱点
烟酸
烟酸是一种B维生素,可以帮助升高HDL胆固醇。处方烟酸品牌是Niacor和Niaspan。烟酸的副作用可以包括:
- 脸部和脖子的冲洗
- itching
- dizziness
- belly pain
- 恶心and vomiting
- 腹泻
- 增加血糖水平
Protein blockers: PCSK9 inhibitors
这些较新的药物阻止了一种称为PCSK9的蛋白质
Some people have a genetic condition called familial hypercholesterolemia, which causes higher LDL cholesterol levels. This can make it harder to address high cholesterol.
PCSK9抑制剂包括:
- alirocumab(praluent)
- evolocumab(repatha)
这些是较新的药物,因此仍在确定潜在的副作用。以下是临床试验中的一些:
- 注射部位瘙痒,疼痛,肿胀或瘀伤
- colds and flu
- 背疼
Fibrates
振动您体内的靶甘油三酸酯和
Examples of fibrates include:
- fenofibrate (Tricor)
- Gemfibrozil(LOPID)
Side effects can include:
- stomach issues, such as nausea, discomfort, and diarrhea
- liver inflammation
ATP柠檬酸裂解酶(ACL)抑制剂
ACL抑制剂阻止您的肝脏加工胆固醇,以帮助降低LDL胆固醇。家族性高胆固醇血症和动脉粥样硬化心血管疾病(ASCVD)的人
An example of an ACL inhibitor includes:
- Bempedoic(Nexletol)
Side effects of ACL inhibitors can include:
- upper respiratory tract infections
- 肌肉痉挛
- 背疼
- 腹痛
- 贫血
- 肝酶增加
- an increase in uric acid in the blood