血液流向心肌的突然而显着降低被称为心脏病发作，而在大脑循环中的类似中断也称为中风。尽管这两个事件都有一些类似的症状，但中风或心脏病发作的某些迹象是独一无二的，值得一提的，尤其是如果您或接近您的某人的医疗紧急情况更高。

In addition to being able to recognize signs of a stroke or heart attack, it’s critical that you know how to respond. While both events can be life threatening, they can often be treated if the person in crisis receives medical attention promptly.

Not allheart attacks从突然和严重的胸痛开始。Early heart attack signs可以缓慢发展，并可能使您不确定发生了什么。此外，症状因人而异。

一些常见的早期心脏病发作症状包括：

Early中风symptomscan be even subtler. The most common warning sign of a stroke is atransient ischemic attack (TIA)，也称为“ Ministroke”。TIA可能发生数小时，几天或实际中风之前。

除了症状的严重程度外，TIA和全面中风之间的主要区别在于成像发现（MRI）和阻塞持续时间。 Typically TIA的阻塞足够短，可以避免永久性脑部损伤。

Typical TIA “ministroke” symptoms include:

What to do in an emergency

If you suspect that you or someone near you is having a heart attack or stroke, the first step is to call emergency services (like 911).

You should never try to drive yourself to a hospital emergency department, as you may lose consciousness and be a threat to yourself and others on the road. Waiting for paramedics is advisable as they can begin potentially lifesaving treatment upon arrival and while en route to the hospital.

如果怀疑心脏病发作，询问紧急调度员是否chewing an aspirinis advisable. In many cases, this may help break up a blood clot blocking blood flow to the heart muscle. If your doctor has prescribednitroglycerin对于与心脏有关的胸痛，然后服用硝酸甘油片。

If a stroke is suspected，尝试注意症状开始的时间。告诉紧急调度员，护理人员或其他人员。只能在中风开始后的几个小时内服用凝块破坏药物。尝试stay calm and rest直到帮助到达。

对于心脏病发作或中风, CPR may be appropriate to restore blood flow if the individual loses consciousness. TheCPR的步骤are:

  1. Place the person on their back
  2. Place one hand over the other on the center of their chest
  3. Compress the chest twice per second

Symptoms of a 中风 can often be easier to discern than those of a heart attack 。主要区别之一是中风往往会引起突然而严重的神经系统症状，而心脏病发作的主要症状是胸痛。

手臂也可能参与其中，但心脏病发作可能会导致疼痛降低一只或两个手臂（通常但并非总是左臂），但中风通常会留下一个肢体或脸部感到虚弱或麻木。

A person having a heart attack may be able to raise both arms despite the pain. A person having a stroke may be able to raise one but not both arms.

Symptoms of a stroke or heart attack in women

出生时被分配的女性（女性）和男性分配的男性（男性）的人的中风症状通常是相似的，尽管 2018年的研究 表明妇女也可能有以下中风的非典型迹象：

  • fainting
  • 疲劳
  • incontinence
  • pain
  • overall body weakness

Women are also more likely to experience atypical heart attack symptoms, too. In addition to chest pain and shortness of breath — the most common heart attack symptoms for all groups — women often have one or more of the following symptoms:

  • 头晕或晕倒
  • pain in the lower chest or upper abdomen
  • 上背部疼痛
  • flu-like body aches
  • 极度疲劳

男人中风或心脏病发作的迹象

In men, the primary reported heart attack symptom is chest pain that’s sometimes described as a squeezing sensation or pressure as though something heavy is resting on the chest. Other common heart attack symptoms for men include:

  • upper body pain in the shoulders, neck, or jaw
  • shortness of breath
  • lightheadedness
  • nausea
  • cold sweat

Common early signs of a stroke include:

  • sudden, severe headache
  • weakness or numbness on one side of the body or face
  • vision problems
  • difficulty speaking or understanding others’ speech

Cardiovascular health in the transgender community

本文中使用的大多数来源都使用“男性”和“女人”来表示性，并且可以假定主要是cisgender参与者。但是，像大多数情况一样，性别和分配的性别并不是心脏病发作或中风症状的最可能指标。

While research on the transgender community is still limited, a recent review states, “The transgender community has a higher rate of behavioral and cardiovascular disease risk factors compared with the cisgender population due to the increase insocial stressors, health disparity, and poor socioeconomic status.”

Your doctor can better help you understand how your specific circumstances can affect your overall cardiovascular health.

两者中风和心脏病发作can be fatal, but a full recovery is also possible in many cases. The outcomes depend upon the severity of the events and how quickly medical support is provided.

With prompt, effective treatment, successful completion of cardiac rehabilitation, and a healthy lifestyle, a heart attack survivor may live many years with few reminders of the attack.

The prognosis after a stroke can be more difficult to predict. Depending on which part of the brain was damaged by the stroke, there can be lifelong complications even after rapid treatment and rehabilitation. Some long-term complications include:

  • 步行困难
  • swallowing problems
  • reduced function of one or both hands
  • incontinence
  • cognitive impairment

A 2019年研究 also notes that post-stroke seizures occur in 5 to 9 percent of stroke survivors and mood changes, including depressive symptoms, may occur in up to 70 percent of stroke survivors.

A 2016 study published in the Journal of Physical Therapy Science 表明，事件发生后不久，将近89％的首次中风幸存者可能会经历以下并发症的一部分：

  • 尿路感染
  • shoulder pain
  • 失眠
  • depression
  • 肌肉骨骼疼痛除了肩部疼痛
  • 步行困难
  • swallowing problems

心脏病是心脏病的结果，该心脏病约为 1 in every 4 deaths 根据疾病控制与预防中心，每年在美国。长期以来，这是美国死亡的第一大原因。

The American Heart Association reports that stroke accounts for 每19个死亡中有1人 in the United States, making it the nation’s fifth leading cause of death.

A suspected stroke or heart attack should always be treated as a medical emergency. Calling emergency services like 911 immediately may not only save your life but also limit the damage of either a heart attack or stroke.

And as much as possible, try to remain calm. Get help from family members, neighbors, or friends who may be able to assist you while you wait for paramedics or after you get to the hospital.

When signs of a stroke or heart attack present themselves, you may be inclined to deny that such a serious vascular crisis is occurring. But knowing what the telltale signs of each event are and how to respond will give you the best chance at a positive outcome.

如果您或家庭成员因高血压，糖尿病，高胆固醇或其他主要危险因素而面临心脏病或中风的风险升高，那么此信息尤其重要。