The adult human body is home to trillions of红细胞, also known as RBCs or erythrocytes. These blood cells carry oxygen, iron, and many other nutrients to the appropriate places in the body.
When a woman is pregnant, it’s possible that her baby’s blood type will be incompatible with her own. This can cause a condition known as erythroblastosis fetalis, where the mother’s白细胞（WBC）attack the baby’s RBCs as they would any foreign invaders.
这种情况是可以预防的，典型的严重形式现在在发达国家非常罕见。尽早抓住它可以确保母亲和孩子成功怀孕。但是，如果不加以治疗，可能会对婴儿造成生命威胁。
Erythroblastosis fetalis is now known as hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Babies who experience erythroblastosis fetalis symptoms may appear swollen, pale, or黄疸after birth. A doctor may find that the baby has a larger-than-normalliver或者spleen。
Babies who experience erythroblastosis fetalis symptoms may appear swollen, pale, or黄疸after birth. A doctor may find that the baby has a larger-than-normalliver或者spleen。
Blood tests can also reveal that the baby has贫血或者a low RBC count. Babies can also experience a condition known ashydrops fetalis，流体开始在通常不存在流体的空间中积聚。这包括：
There are two main causes of erythroblastosis fetalis:RH不兼容和ABO incompatibility。两个原因都与血型。There are four blood types:
- A
- B
- AB
- O
In addition, blood can be either Rh positive or Rh negative. For example, if you’re type A and Rh positive, you have A antigens and Rh factor antigens on the surface of your RBCs. Antigens are substances that trigger an immune response in your body. If you have AB negative blood, then you have both A and B antigens without the Rh factor antigen.
RH不兼容
RH不兼容occurs when a Rh-negative mother is impregnated by a Rh-positive father. The result can be a Rh-positive baby. In such a case, your baby’s Rh antigens will be perceived as foreign invaders, the way viruses or bacteria are perceived.
您的血细胞攻击婴儿作为一种保护机制，最终会伤害孩子。如果您怀有第一个婴儿，RH不兼容并不是那么令人担忧。
However, when the Rh-positive child is born, your body will create antibodies against the Rh factor. These antibodies will attack the blood cells if you ever become pregnant with another Rh-positive baby.
ABO incompatibility
Another type of blood type mismatch that can cause maternal antibodies against her baby’s blood cells is ABO incompatibility.
当母亲的血型A，B或O与婴儿的血液类型不兼容时，就会发生这种情况。与RH不兼容相比，这种情况几乎总是对婴儿的危害或威胁。
However, babies can carry rare antigens that can put them at risk for erythroblastosis fetalis. These antigens include:
- Kell
- Duffy
- Kidd
- Lutheran
- 迭戈
- Xg
- P
- EE
- Cc
- MNSS
为了诊断胎毛胎儿，医生将订购routine blood test在你期间first prenatal visit。They’ll test for your血型。
The test will also help them determine whether you have anti-Rh antibodies in your blood from a previous pregnancy.
The fetus’s blood type is rarely tested. It’s difficult to test for a fetus’s blood type and doing so can increase the risk for complications.
测试频率
如果初始测试表明您的婴儿可能有肾上腺母细胞增生的危险，则您的血液将在整个怀孕期间不断测试，大约每两到四个星期。
如果您的抗体水平开始升高，医生可能会建议一项测试以检测胎儿脑动脉血流，这对婴儿没有侵入性。如果婴儿的血液流量受到影响，则怀疑胎儿的红细胞细胞增生。
RH不兼容
如果您的血液血液，父亲的血液将接受测试。如果父亲的血型为RH负，则无需进一步测试。但是，如果父亲的血型为rh阳性或未知血型，则您的血液可能会再次测试18to20怀孕数周，再次26to27几周。
您还将获得治疗以防止红细胞增生胎儿。
ABO incompatibility
If your baby is黄疸after birth, but Rh incompatibility isn’t a concern, the baby may be experiencing problems due to ABO incompatibility. ABO incompatibility occurs most frequently when a mother with an O blood type gives birth to a baby who has an A, B, or AB blood type.
因为O血型可能会产生A和B抗体，因此母亲的血液会攻击婴儿的血液。但是，这些症状通常比RH不兼容得多。
ABO incompatibility can be detected via a blood test known as aCOOMBS测试。该测试以及确定婴儿血型的测试是在婴儿出生后进行的。它可以表明为什么婴儿可能看起来很黄疸或贫血。
These tests are usually done for all babies whose mothers have type O blood.
如果婴儿在子宫中经历红细胞生成胎儿，则可以给予宫内blood transfusions减少贫血。当婴儿的lungs and heart mature enough for delivery, a doctor may recommend早点分娩。
After a baby is born, further blood transfusions may be necessary. Giving the babyfluids intravenouslycan improvelow blood pressure。婴儿可能还需要呼吸机或机械呼吸机的临时呼吸支撑。
患有红细胞增生胎儿的婴儿应至少监测三到四个月的贫血症状。他们可能需要额外的输血。
However, if properprenatal care and postpartum careare delivered, erythroblastosis fetalis should be prevented and the baby shouldn’t experience long-term complications.
一种被称为Rhogam或RH免疫球蛋白的预防性治疗可以减少母亲对婴儿RH阳性血细胞的反应。这是在怀孕28周左右的镜头进行的。
如果婴儿为rh阳性，则至少在出生后72小时再次进行射击。如果婴儿的胎盘保留在子宫中，这会防止母亲的不利反应。