Cephalosporins are a type ofantibiotic. Antibiotics are medications that treat bacterial infections. There are many types, often called classes, of antibiotics available. Cephalosporins are a type of beta-lactam antibiotic.

它们可以口服或注射到静脉中（静脉注射），这取决于感染。

Read on to learn more about cephalosporins, including what they treat and the side effects they can cause.

Healthcare providers use cephalosporins to treat a variety of bacterial infections, especially for people who are allergic to penicillin, another common antibiotic.

Some examples of infections that cephalosporins can treat include:

Oral cephalosporins are generally used for simple infections that are easy to treat. For example, a routine case of strep throat might be treated with a course of oral cephalosporins.

Intravenous (IV) cephalosporins are used for more severe infections. This is because IV antibiotics reach your tissues faster, which can make a big difference if you have a serious infection, such as meningitis.

头孢菌素基于它们最有效的细菌的类型分组。这些组被称为几代人。有五代头孢菌素。

要了解几代人之间的差异，了解革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌之间的差异是很重要的。

One of the main distinctions between the two is their cell wall structure:

  • 革兰氏阳性细菌have thicker membranes that are easier to penetrate. Think of their cell wall as a chunky, loose-knit sweater.
  • Gram-negative bacteriahave thinner membranes that are harder to penetrate, making them more resistant to some antibiotics. Think of their wall as a piece of fine chain mail.

First-generation cephalosporins

第一代头孢菌素对革兰氏阳性细菌非常有效。但它们只是对革兰氏阴性细菌有效。

First-generation cephalosporins might be used to treat:

  • 皮肤和软组织感染
  • UTIS
  • 咽喉炎
  • ear infections
  • pneumonia

Some first-generation cephalosporins are used as预防性抗生素for surgery involving the chest, abdomen, or pelvis.

Examples of first-generation cephalosporins include:

  • cephalexin.(Keflex)
  • Cefadroxil（Dureicef）
  • cephradine (Velosef)
概括

First-generation cephalosporins are more effective against Gram-positive bacteria, though they also work against some Gram-negative bacteria.

第二代头孢菌素

第二代头孢菌素also target some types of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. But they’re less effective against certain Gram-positive bacteria than first-generation cephalosporins are.

他们经常用于治疗呼吸道感染，例如bronchitisor pneumonia.

Other infections sometimes treated with second-generation cephalosporins include:

第二代头孢菌素的实例包括：

概括

第二代头孢菌素靶向革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌。但与第一代头孢菌素相比，它们与革兰氏阳性细菌有效

Third-generation cephalosporins

Third-generation cephalosporins are more effective against Gram-negative bacteria compared to both the first and second generations. They’re also more active against bacteria that may be resistant to previous generations of cephalosporins.

第三代也往往比以前对抗革兰氏阳性细菌（包括）的活性较小链球菌andStaphylococcusspecies.

One third-generation cephalosporin, ceftazidime (Fortaz), is often used to treat假单胞菌感染， 包含hot tub folliculitis.

Third-generation cephalosporins may also be used to treat:

  • 皮肤和软组织感染
  • pneumonia
  • 尿路
  • 淋病
  • menigitis
  • Lyme disease
  • sepsis

A few examples of third-generation cephalosporins include:

  • cefixime（suprax）
  • ceftibuten (Cedax)
  • cefpodoxime (Vantin)
Summary

Third-generation cephalosporins are effective against many Gram-negative bacteria and bacteria that haven’t responded to first- or second-generation cephalosporins.

Fourth-generation cephalosporins

Cefepime（maxipime）是美国唯一可用的第四代头孢孢菌素。虽然有效地对抗各种革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌，但通常保留更严重的感染。

Cefepime可用于治疗以下类型的感染：

  • 皮肤和软组织感染
  • pneumonia
  • 尿路
  • 腹部感染
  • 脑膜炎
  • sepsis

Cefepime can be administered intravenously or with an intramuscular injection. It may also be given to people with a low white blood cell count, which can increase the risk of developing a severe infection.

Summary

第四代头孢菌素对抗革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌。它们通常用于更严重的感染或用于免疫系统弱化的感染。

Fifth-generation cephalosporins

You may hear fifth-generation cephalosporins referred to as advanced- generation cephalosporins. There’s one fifth-generation cephalosporin, ceftaroline (Teflaro), available in the United States.

This cephalosporin can be used to treat bacteria, including resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA） 和链球菌物种，对青霉素抗生素抗性。

Otherwise, ceftaroline’s activity is similar to that of third-generation cephalosporins, although it isn’t effective againstPseudomonas aeruginosa.

Summary

Ceftaroline is the only fifth-generation cephalosporin available in the United States. It’s often used to treat infections, including MRSA infections, that are resistant to other antibiotics.

As with any kind of medication, you can be allergic to cephalosporins. The most common sign of an allergic reaction to cephalosproins is a skin rash.

In rare cases, cephalosprins may cause a serious allergic reaction known asanaphy.l轴。

过敏反应的症状包括：

  • 麻疹
  • flushed skin
  • 肿胀的舌和喉咙
  • 呼吸困难
  • low blood pressure
  • rapid or weak pulse
  • 恶心或呕吐
  • diarrhea
  • 头晕
  • fainting
get help

Anaphylaxis can be life-threatening. Seek immediate medical treatment if you’re taking a cephalosporin and experience symptoms of anaphylaxis.

What if I’m allergic to penicillin?

It’s rare to be allergic to both penicillin and cephalosporins. But if you’ve had a serious anaphylactic reaction to penicillin antibiotics in the past, you shouldn’t take cephalosporins.

It’s uncommon to have an allergy to both penicillin antibiotics and cephalosporins, so cephalosporins can be used cautiously in people with a penicillin allergy.

However, people who’ve had a serious anaphylactic reaction to penicillin antibiotics shouldn’t take cephalosporins.

此外，一些头孢菌素更可能导致青霉素过敏的人的反应。这些包括：

  • cephalothin
  • cephalexin.
  • cefadroxil
  • Cefazolin

Cephalosporins can cause a range of side effects, including:

  • stomach upset
  • nausea
  • 呕吐
  • diarrhea
  • 酵母菌感染or oral thrush
  • 头晕

One of the more serious side effects that can occur is ac . difficile感染. This infection typically occurs after a long course of antibiotics and can be potentially life-threatening.

Symptoms to watch out for include:

  • watery diarrhea
  • abdominal pain
  • 发烧
  • nausea
  • decreased appetite

您可以帮助防止胃部不满和腹泻：

  • 服用probiotics, which can help to add good bacteria to your digestive tract
  • following the instructions that come with your medication, as some antibiotics should be taken with food, while others should be taken on an empty stomach
  • 避免食物有助于胃upset, such as spicy or greasy foods

头孢菌素通常对大多数人来说都是安全的，包括怀孕的人。事实上，一些第一代头孢菌素通常用于治疗孕人中的utis。

然而，如果你母乳喂养，你不应该服用头孢菌素。

头孢菌素有时可以与您服用的其他药物相互作用。确保告诉您的医疗保健提供者关于您服用的所有其他药物，包括补充剂，维生素和反柜台药物。

头孢菌素是一种用于治疗一系列细菌感染的抗生素。存在不同的成头孢菌素，一些人更适合治疗某些感染。

If you have to take antibiotics, make sure to tell your doctor about all other medications you take, as well as any previous allergic reactions to antibiotics.

Remember

Make sure you take the full course of antibiotics as prescribed by your doctor, even if you start to feel better before finishing them. Otherwise, you may not kill all of the bacteria, which can make them resistant to antibiotics.