Bone cancer occurs when a tumor, or atypical mass of tissue, forms in a bone. These are called bone sarcomas.
肿瘤可能是恶性的，这意味着它正在积极成长并扩散到身体的其他部位。一个malignant tumoris often referred to as cancerous.
骨癌可以在任何体内骨,布鲁里溃疡t it most commonly starts in the pelvic bone or the long bones in your legs or arms, such as your shinbone, femur, or upper arm.
Cancer that begins in the bones is uncommon. However, it can be aggressive, so early detection is important.
Cancer may also begin in another area of the body and spread to the bone. Cancer is usually named for the location where it starts.
Primary bone cancers are the most serious of all bone cancers. They form directly in the bones or surrounding tissue, such as cartilage.
Cancer can also spread, or metastasize, from another part of your body to your bones. This is known as继发性骨癌，，，，一个nd this type is more common than primary bone cancer.
普通类型的主要骨癌包括：
Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma)
Osteosarcoma，或成骨的肉瘤，通常会影响儿童和青少年，但也可以在成年人中发生。它具有起源于手臂和腿部长骨头的尖端。
骨肉瘤也可能从臀部，肩膀或其他位置开始。它会影响提供骨骼外层的硬组织。
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of primary bone cancer, causing2中的2bone cancer cases.
Ewing’s sarcoma
Ewing’s sarcomais thesecondmost common type of primary bone cancer. It either begins in the soft tissues surrounding the bones or directly in the bones, and it often affects children and young adults.
身体的长骨（例如手臂和腿部）以及骨盆通常受到影响。
Chondrosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma most commonly begins in the bones of the pelvis, thigh areas, and shoulders of older adults.
It forms in the subchondral tissue, which is the tough connective tissue between your bones. These tumors are
Multiple myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM)is the most common type of cancer affecting the bones.
但是，它不被认为是原发性骨癌，因为它始于浆细胞。当癌细胞在骨髓中生长并在各种骨骼中引起肿瘤时，就会发生。毫米
The symptoms of bone cancer can include:
- 疼痛和swellingin the affected bones
- 一个palpable hard mass in the long bones of your limbs, pelvis, or chest
- feeling tired or fatigued
- 骨头疼痛晚上唤醒你
- bone pain that can start after minor trauma
- decreased range of motion
Less common symptoms can include:
- easily broken bones
- weight loss
- fever
虽然疼痛是骨癌的最常见症状，但并非所有类型的骨癌会导致疼痛。
If you experience any of the symptoms above, it is best to make an appointment with a doctor to determine whether or not your symptoms are caused by bone cancer.
The cause of bone cancer isn’t exactly known, but there are certain factors that may contribute to or increase a person’s chances of forming atypical growths in the bone. These include:
非典型细胞生长
健康细胞不断分裂并替代老年细胞。完成此过程后，他们死了。但是，非典型细胞继续生活。他们开始形成变成肿瘤的组织。
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy, which kills dangerous cancer cells, can be used to treat bone cancer.
However, osteosarcoma may form in some people who receive the treatment. The use of high doses of radiation may contribute to its development.
Chromosomal mutations
For osteosarcoma in particular,
Genetic mutations that raise the risk of developing bone cancer may be inherited, though this is rare. Mutations can also happen as the result of radiation or seem to have no specific cause.
The following may be risk factors for bone cancer:
- 有癌症家族史的,尤其是骨cancer
- having receivedradiation treatmentor therapy in the past
- having Paget’s disease, which is a condition that causes the bones to break down and then grow back atypically
- currently or previously having had multiple tumors in your cartilage, which is the connective tissue in your bones
- 患有Li-Fraumeni综合征，Bloom综合征或Rothmund-Thomson综合征，这可能会增加您患癌症的风险
Doctors classify primary bone cancer in stages. These different stages describe where the cancer is, what it’s doing, and how much it has affected other parts of your body:
- Stage 1bone cancerhasn’t spread from the bone.
- Stage 2 bone cancerhasn’t spread but may become invasive, making it a threat to other tissue.
- Stage 3 bone cancerhas spread to one or more areas of the bone and is invasive.
- Stage 4 bone cancer已扩散到骨骼周围的组织和to other organs，例如肺或大脑。
Your doctor may use the following methods to determine the stage of cancers in the bones:
- 一个biopsy，，，，which analyzes a small sample of tissue to diagnose cancer
- 一个骨扫描，，，，which checks the condition of the bones
- 一个blood testto establish a baseline for use during treatment
- imaging tests that includeX-rays， 也PET，，，，MRI，，，，一个ndCT scans，以深入了解骨骼的结构
Grading
Following a biopsy, medical professionals may一个ssign tumors a gradebased on how they look under a microscope. The grade is a measure of the likelihood that they will grow and spread, based on how closely they resemble typical cells.
Usually, the more atypical they appear, the faster they may grow and spread. Bone cancer may be designated as low grade or high grade.
一个higher grade can mean that the cells appear more atypical and may spread faster, while a lower grade can mean that the cells appear more similar to typical cells and may spread more slowly.
Determining the grade can help doctors decide on the best treatment.
治疗取决于：
- 癌症的阶段和等级
- your age
- your overall health
- 肿瘤的大小和位置
Medications
治疗骨癌的药物包括：
- chemotherapydrugs for MM
- 减轻炎症和不适的止痛药
- 双膦酸盐有助于防止骨质流失并保护骨骼结构
- 细胞毒性药物禁止或停止癌细胞的生长
- immunotherapydrugs to encourage the body’s immune system to kill cancer cells
Surgery
医生可以手术切除肿瘤或受影响的组织。手术可去除和更换受损的骨骼，是阻止迅速扩散的癌症的一种选择。
For extensive bone damage in the arms or legs, amputation may be needed.
Radiation therapy
医生可能建议放射治疗以杀死癌细胞。除另一种类型的治疗外，还可以使用该疗法来减缓癌细胞的生长。
Radiation may also be used if not enough of the tumor can be removed through surgery.
Complementary therapy
医生可能会添加其他疗法，其中包括您的护理计划中的草药疗法。但是，这必须仔细考虑，因为一些替代治疗可能会干扰化疗和放射治疗。
Complementary therapies may help provide relief from symptoms and improve your quality of life and well-being. Other options can include:
骨癌的5年生存率在很大程度上取决于您首次被诊断出的癌症的位置和阶段。
对于骨肉瘤和尤因的肉瘤患者来说，前景的最大指标是，癌症在诊断时是否已扩散到身体的其他部位。
For cancer that has not spread, the survival rate is between70％和80％。
For those with chondrosarcoma, the outlook is often related to the grade of the tumor. This type of tumor is commonly low grade, which has a90 percentsurvival rate.
These are general statistics. Your outlook may look different based on your age and overall health. The most important thing you can do to increase your chances of recovery is to follow your treatment plan.
Clinical trials test treatments that have not yet been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for a specific diagnosis. They may provide another option for those who have not seen success with traditional therapy options.
This treatment may be free or covered by insurance, depending on whether the sponsor is covering the costs of treatment for the individuals enrolled in a clinical trial.
Many of the cancer treatments common today once started out in clinical trials. The information gathered in临床试验helps inform future treatment.
If you’re interested in participating in a clinical trial, talk with your doctor about your options or
与其他类型的癌症相比，起源于骨骼的癌症并不常见。骨癌的类型及其检测到的早期会影响您的前景。
To diagnose bone cancer, a doctor will perform a biopsy. They will likely perform other imaging tests in order to determine your cancer’s stage and develop a treatment plan.