什么是动物咬伤感染？
像狗和猫一样的家畜，负责大多数动物叮咬。虽然狗造成更多的咬伤，但猫叮咬更有可能被感染。根据这一点美国儿科学院，感染发生在大约10％至15％的狗叮咬，高达50％的猫咬伤。
动物咬伤通常导致infecti的原因之一on is that bites often occur on the fingers or hands. These areas are where the body may have a harder time fighting infection. Also, the bacteria often come from the animal’s mouth or may be present on the human’s skin. The infections are often caused by these bacteria penetrating the skin.
随着细菌的繁殖，身体的免疫应答导致感染的常见症状。肿胀和炎症是两个例子。动物咬伤感染是严重的，如果未经治疗，甚至可以危及生命。
动物叮咬不会破坏皮肤的感染风险。刚吃皮肤表面的刮擦或划痕具有最小的感染风险。切割或撕裂性具有更高的感染风险。猫引起的刺伤伤口被认为具有最高的感染风险。
Dog bites
Even the gentlest dog can bite if injured, scared, or overexcited. And all dog breeds have the potential to bite. Most of the time a person is bitten by a dog they know.
Injuries from a dog bite make up 85 to 90 percent of animal bites in the United States, and 1 percent of injury-related visits to the emergency room, according to美国家庭医生。
孩子们比成年人更有可能体验狗叮咬。
Cat bites
猫的牙齿会导致难以清洁的深刺伤伤口。由于牙齿锋利，伤口可以深入，使其更容易愈合。这可以捕获伤口内的细菌。
Of all animal bites reported in the United States, 5 to 10 percent are from cats. Most people bitten by cats are women. And most cat bites are the result of intentional contact, like attempting to feed or pet the cat.
Bites by wild animals
In rare cases, bites from wild animals like bats, raccoons, foxes, skunks, and wild dogs can cause rabies infections. Rabies is a life-threatening viral disease. Seek medical attention for any wild animal bite that breaks the skin’s surface. Also seek medical attention if a bat is found in a room you were sleeping in, even if you do not see visible bites.
You should clean all animal bites thoroughly. And watch them closely. Seek medical attention if symptoms of an infection develop.
动物叮咬感染是由细菌引起的。细菌可以在动物的口腔或唾液中找到。然后细菌在皮肤上进入伤口。细菌也可以存在于环境中。
动物叮咬通常是多种性的，这意味着涉及多种细菌。
一种影响神经系统的细菌疾病，可从细菌中产生破伤风。这是一个严重的条件。来自动物叮咬的穿刺伤口最有可能导致破伤风。
The most common symptoms of infection from animal bites are redness, pain, swelling, and inflammation at the site of the bite. You should seek immediate medical treatment if any of these symptoms continue for more than 24 hours.
感染的其他症状包括：
- 脓液或液体从伤口渗出
- tenderness in areas near the bite
- loss of sensation around the bite
- limited use of the finger or hand if the hand was bitten
- red streaks near the bite
- swollen lymph nodes
- 发烧或寒意
- night sweats
- fatigue
- breathing difficulties
- 肌肉弱点或震颤
You should also seek medical treatment as soon as possible if any of these less common symptoms are present, particularly if the symptoms are not improving on their own.
Cat bites carry a much higher risk of infection than dog bites.
其他增加咬伤变成感染的机会的危险因素包括：
- not thoroughly and swiftly washing the bite
- the bite caused a deep wound
- the bite also caused a fracture or other damage
- a weakened immune system
To diagnose infection from an animal bite, your doctor will ask about the bite. Questions to expect from your doctor include:
- What kind of animal bit you?
- What prompted the bite?
- Has the animal had a rabies vaccine?
- When did you have your last tetanus shot?
您的医生也可能订购X射线以确定感染是否蔓延到骨骼上，特别是如果咬合在手指或手上。血液试验还可以诊断感染的扩散，称为sepsis。Sepsis and infection of the bone are life-threatening concerns.
动物咬合的第一步是适当清洁和评估伤口。这有助于防止动物咬伤感染。要正确清洁动物咬，请采取以下步骤。
For a minor wound:
- Wash the area thoroughly with soap and water.
- 用新鲜，干净的绷带覆盖该区域。
For a deep wound, suspected rabies, or a wound showing symptoms of infection:
- Apply pressure to stop any bleeding using a clean cloth.
- Wash the area thoroughly with soap and water.
- Seek immediate medical attention to look for signs of infection.
If an infection develops, your doctor will prescribe antibiotics. A typical round of treatment will last five to 10 days. However, the length of your treatment may vary based on many factors, including:
- the type of bite
- the severity of the bite
- existing health issues
对于受感染的叮咬，您的医生可能会推荐静脉内（IV）抗生素直至感染清除。但大多数受感染的叮咬只需要口服抗生素。
Your doctor might also suggest a tetanus booster shot. This depends on how severe the bite is and your vaccination status.
After performing blood tests to determine the extent of the infection, your doctor might need to stitch the wound. They may also ask you to return for a follow-up visit after 48 hours to monitor the wound.
If left untreated, infection from animal bites could spread and cause serious medical problems. Infection generally develops within 24 to 48 hours.
如果：
- symptoms worsen
- symptoms do not improve
- 离开后症状回归
- new symptoms appear
You should also contact your doctor immediately if the animal that bit you starts showing symptoms of illness. Potential complications of animal bite infections include tetanus and rabies.
破伤风
Symptoms of the bacterial disease tetanus include:
- difficulty swallowing
- stiff jaw muscles
- stiff neck muscles
- stiffness in the abdominal muscles
- painful body spasms
由于破伤风疫苗，在美国的破伤风感染很少见。根据这一点
Rabies
人类狂犬病是美国的罕见发生。根据CDC，只有
- high fever
- difficulty swallowing
- convulsions
一旦存在症状，狂犬病会导致死亡。出于这个原因，如果通过展示疾病任何症状的未接种疫苗的动物（野生或国内）被咬伤，医疗专业人士将有人开始狂犬病治疗。如果导致咬伤或划痕的动物是野性的，那么捕捉它并没有杀死它是很重要的。如果动物是宠物，医生将首先检查其疫苗接种记录。他们可能仍然想在一段时间内观察动物。
An infected animal bite should start to look and feel better within 48 hours of treatment. If you do not notice an improvement, be sure to contact your doctor immediately.
It is particularly important that you follow up with your doctor to ensure that the infection and wound are healing properly. They will also let you know if any adjustments may need to be made to your treatment plan.