Aggression, according to social psychology, describes any behavior or act aimed at harming a person or animal or damaging physical property.

A few examples of aggressive acts:

  • acts of physical violence
  • shouting, swearing, and harsh language
  • gossiping or spreading rumors about a classmate
  • purposely breaking your roommate’s favorite mug
  • slashing your co-worker’s tires

You’ll often come across “aggression and violence” sandwiched together as one inseparable term. It’s true that aggression and violence often coincide, but they are, in fact, two different things.

Violence refers to extreme physical aggression intended to cause serious harm. To put it another way, aggression doesn’t always involve violence, but violence always involves aggression.

Say that you get angry with your brother during an argument and throw your book across the room in frustration. You didn’t mean to hit him, but the book smacks his head, leaving a bruise. That would be an act of physical aggression, but not necessarily violence.

On the other hand, if you shove your brother into a wall and then hit him with the goal of hurting him, thatwouldbe an act of violence.

Aggressive behavior doesn’t just violate social boundaries. It can also affectrelationshipsand even have professional or legal consequences.

Recognizing the ways aggression shows up in your life can help you take steps toward addressing it, along with anger and any other emotions that might play a part.

Below, we’ll explore the types and potential causes of aggression, plus offer some guidance on when it’s time to get support.

Aggression is usually divided into two categories.

Impulsive aggression

This type of aggression, also known as emotional or affective aggression, tends to stem directly fromemotionsyou experience in the moment. It might instead feel uncontrollable or seem to come from nowhere.

If you can’t access the person or thing upsetting you, then you might redirect this aggression toward something or someone youcanaccess — including yourself.

Examples of impulsive aggression:

  • A classmate grabs the exact book you needed for your research from the library cart. When they leave to use the restroom, you go over to grab the book — and hit the power button on their computer so that they lose their work.
  • 你第一次见面,你给你一个交货日期pensive watch. The gift makes you uncomfortable, so you hand it back with an apology, saying you can’t accept it. They react by throwing it to the ground and stomping on it.

Instrumental aggression

This type of aggression, also known as cognitive aggression, involves planning and intent, typically to achieve a specific desire or goal.

All aggression involves a degree of intent to harm someone that doesn’t want to be harmed. But acts of instrumental aggression generally involve more calculation and purpose, without any loss of control.

Examples of instrumental aggression:

  • You’ve just applied for a promotion at work when you overhear your supervisor encouraging another co-worker to apply for the role, saying they’d be a great fit. You want that position, so you tell a few people you’ve noticed that co-worker drinking in their office, hoping the rumor reaches your supervisor.
  • Your teenager asks if they can have $40 to buy a video game. You don’t have the money to spare, so you say no. They seem to accept your answer. But the next day, you’re preparing to go grocery shopping when you can’t find your wallet. Eventually, it turns up in the trash — with your cash gone and your cards chopped into bits.

As you may have noticed, aggression can take many forms.

Sometimes it’s more secretive and subtle than obvious and direct. So, you might not even realize certain behaviors count as aggression.

Aggression does often involve physical or verbal harm, but it can also involve coercion or manipulation:

  • Physical aggressionincludes hitting, kicking, punching, slapping, or any acts that cause physical hurt. This doesn’t include accidental harm, like accidentally stepping on your dog’s tail in the dark or knocking your friend off the porch while roughhousing.
  • Verbal aggressioncan include shouting, swearing, insults, and othercruel and unkind remarksintended to cause pain and distress. Hate speech also falls into this category.
  • Relational aggressionrefers to actions aimed at damaging another person’s reputation or relationships. Examples includebullying, gossiping, and playing friends off each other.
  • Hostile aggressiondescribes emotional or reactive acts that involve a specific intent to hurt someone or destroy something.
  • Passive aggressioncan include any indirect expression of negative feelings.Common examplesinclude thesilent treatment, snide or sarcastic remarks, and redirecting blame.

You might notice aggressive behavior happens when:

  • you feelirritable, angry, bored, or restless
  • things don’t go your way
  • you want to get even with someone who wronged you
  • you believe someone has treated you unfairly
  • your emotions feel uncontrollable
  • a situation feels overwhelming or uncomfortable
Where does anger come in?

Anger refers to an emotion, while aggression refers to behavior.

While anger often plays a role in aggression — fuelingoutburstsor the urge to get revenge, for example — it’s not harmful in itself. Anger can actually be beneficial when youexpress it productively.

Signs of aggression in children and teens

孩子ren and teenagers won’t always show aggression in the same ways as adults.

Along with physical actions like kicking, hitting, and pushing, aggression in a child might involve:

  • explosive or violenttantrumsand outbursts
  • taunting or insulting peers to provoke a reaction
  • threatening to hurt someone else or themselves
  • using toys or other objects as weapons
  • hurting animals
  • destroying other people’s belongings or damaging property
  • lying and stealing

Aggression in teenagers might involve:

  • shouting at parents and siblings
  • exhibiting extreme irritability, anger, or impulsivity
  • destroying belongings or property
  • teasing, bullying, or excluding peers
  • lying, gossiping, and spreading rumors about peers
  • using coercion and manipulation to maintain social status and control
  • threatening to harm others or themselves

虽然有很多重叠侵略and abuse, these are two different concepts.

Abuse involves a desire to take and hold power and control. It also:

  • occurs within some type of relationship — romantic, family, or professional
  • happens in a pattern
  • only shows up in certain contexts — abuse often doesn’t happen in public, for example

Learn the signs of emotional abuse.

Aggression generally wouldn’t be considered abusive when the aggressive behavior:

  • relates to a specific trigger, like anger, disappointment, or a threat
  • happens in different environments and circumstances, instead of only in private
  • involves a momentary loss of control

That said, aggressive behavior can certainly count as abuse. Think of it this way: Not all aggression is abuse, but all abuse is aggression.

Aggression usually doesn’t have one single specific cause. Rather, evidence suggests a number of factors can contribute to aggressive behavior.

Biological factors

Brain chemistry and other biological factors that might play a part in aggression include:

  • Irregular brain development. Experts have linked increased activity in theamygdalaand decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex to aggression. Lesions in the brain, which can happen withneurodegenerative conditions, can also lead to aggressive behavior.
  • Genetics.Mutations of certain genes, including monoamine oxidase A , can also contribute.
  • Brain chemical and hormone imbalances.Unusually high or low levels of certain neurotransmitters, includingserotonin,dopamine, andgamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA), may lead to aggressive behavior. Higher levels oftestosteronecan also lead to aggression in people of any gender.
  • Side effects of prescription medications and other substances.Medications and substances that cause changes in the brain can sometimes lead to aggressive behavior. A few examples includecorticosteroids,alcohol,anabolic steroids, andphencyclidine (PCP).
  • Medical conditions.Aggressive behavior could happen as a result of certain health conditions that damage your brain, includingstroke,dementia, andhead injuries.

心理因素

Aggressive behavior can sometimes happen as a symptom of certain mental health conditions, including:

Of course, aggression doesn’t always mean you have a mental health condition, nor does having a mental health diagnosis automatically mean you’ll behave aggressively toward others.

Environmental factors

Circumstances and challenges in your everyday life and environment can also contribute to aggressive behavior.

Aggression can happen as a natural response to stress,fear, or a sense of losing control. You might also respond with aggression when you feel frustrated, mistreated, or unheard — especially if you never learned how to manage your emotions effectively.

You might also be more likely to behave aggressively if your upbringing exposed you to aggression and violence. This could happen if you:

  • had abusive parents and caregivers or siblings who bullied you
  • grew up in a neighborhood or community where violence and aggression happened frequently
  • experienced cruel or unfair treatment from teachers and classmates

What causes aggression in children and teens?

而最上面的原因也适用于young children and adolescents, other factors can also contribute to childhood aggression.

孩子ren often have troubleexpressing emotionsin words, for one, so a child who feels afraid, suspicious, or frustrated might lash out aggressively instead of clearly communicating how they feel.

It’s also worth keeping in mind that young children haven’t fully learned to respectboundariesand the rights of others. Children who witness aggression, then, might learn to express themselves through aggression and violence.

影响孩子的心理健康状况dren, including ADHD and autism, can also play a part in aggressive behavior. Children and teens with these conditions might:

  • have trouble coping with painful and overwhelming emotions
  • find it difficult to express needs and ask for help
  • experience lingering frustration and distress that prompts angry and aggressive outbursts

孩子ren and teens with depressionalso often experience anger and irritability as the main symptoms. You might notice these feelings in their everyday mood, but anger and irritability can also show up as aggressive behavior toward others.

It’s human to become frustrated and upset from time to time, and these emotions could easily lead you to respond with aggressive behavior in certain situations.

Working to develop and practice strongeremotion regulation skillscan make a big difference, absolutely. But reaching out to a mental health professional is always a good option when aggressive behavior:

  • happens frequently
  • causes problems in your personal and professional relationships
  • affects your daily life
  • feels uncontrollable

Getting help for aggression sooner rather than later is essential because aggressive behavior can easily cause lasting physical or emotional harm to other people, animals, and even you.

The best treatment for aggressive behavior depends on the underlying cause, but a therapist can always offer more guidance with identifying triggers and contributing factors.

Therapy offers a safe, judgment-free space to:

Types of therapy for aggression

A therapist might recommend different therapy approaches, depending on any underlying mental health symptoms you experience.

  • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)can help you learn to identify and change unhelpful behavior patterns and practice more helpful coping techniques. This approach doesn’t focus much on past experiences, but it can help improve symptoms ofdepression,anxiety, personality disorders,bipolar disorder, andADHD.
  • Psychodynamic therapycan help you address mental health symptoms and emotional distress by tracing their roots to earlier life events.
  • Dialectical behavior therapycan help you build and practice skills to tolerate distress, regulate emotions, and navigate interpersonal relationships more effectively.
  • 人际关系治疗can help you explore relational challenges that affect your mood and contribute to depression and other mental health symptoms.
  • Parent management training can help address tense family dynamics or unhelpful parenting tactics contributing to or reinforcing aggressive behavior.

In some cases, a therapist might also recommend working with a psychiatrist to explore medication options for aggression. Somepsychotropic medicationsmay help ease aggressive thoughts and behaviors that happen with mental health conditions.

These include antipsychotics likerisperidone(Risperdal) andhaloperidolandmood stabilizerslikecarbamazepine(Tegretol),lithium, and valproic acid.

If you don’t experience any mental health symptoms, your therapist may suggest connecting with a healthcare professional who can help rule out health concerns and other medical causes of aggression.

In most cases, aggressive behavior happens for a reason. Identifying the main causes of aggression can make it easier to avoid potentially triggering situations, which can certainly make a difference.

Keep in mind, though, that you can’t avoid every possible trigger. That’s why taking steps to directly change your behavior may do more to help prevent aggression in the future. A therapist can teach strategies to better manage your emotions and maintain control, which can lead to morehelpful and productive communication.