注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是一种慢性病，会影响个人的情绪，行为和学习新事物的能力。它主要影响儿童，但也可能发生在成年人中。
The effects of ADHD can vary from person to person. To be diagnosed with ADHD, symptoms must have an impact on your day-to-day life. Here’s what to know about the different types of ADHD plus how they’re diagnosed and treated.
ADHD is divided into three main types:
- 注意力不集中
- hyperactive-impulsive type
- combination type
Each type of ADHD is tied to one or more characteristics. ADHD is characterized by inattention and hyperactive-impulsive behavior.
These behaviors often present in the following ways:
- 注意：分心，集中精力和组织能力不足
- Hyperactivity:never seeming to slow down, talking and fidgeting, difficulties staying on task
- Impulsivity:interrupting, taking risks
每个人都是不同的，因此两个人通常以不同的方式体验相同的症状是很常见的。例如，这些行为在男孩和女孩中通常是不同的。男孩可能会被视为更加活跃，女孩可能会悄悄地不集中。
The symptoms you experience will determine which type of ADHD you have.
Inattentive type
If you have this type of ADHD, you may experience more symptoms of inattention than those of impulsivity and hyperactivity. You may struggle with impulse control or hyperactivity at times. But these aren’t the main characteristics of inattentive ADHD.
People who experience inattentive behavior often:
- miss details and are distracted easily
- get bored quickly
- have trouble focusing on a single task
- have difficulty organizing thoughts and learning new information
- lose pencils, papers, or other items needed to complete a task
- 似乎不听
- move slowly and appear as if they’re daydreaming
- 与其他人相比，处理信息更慢，更准确
- have trouble following directions
More girls are diagnosed with inattentive type ADHD than boys.
Hyperactive-impulsive type
这种类型的ADHD的特征是冲动性和多动症的症状。具有这种类型的人会显示出注意力不集中的迹象，但并不像其他症状那样明显。
People who are impulsive or hyperactive often:
- squirm, fidget, or feel restless
- have difficulty sitting still
- talk constantly
- touch and play with objects, even when inappropriate to the task at hand
- have trouble engaging in quiet activities
- 不断“旅途”
- are impatient
- act out of turn and don’t think about consequences of actions
- 脱口而出答案和不适当的评论
Children with hyperactive-impulsive type ADHD can be a disruption in the classroom. They can make learning more difficult for themselves and other students.
More boys are diagnosed with the hyperactive-impulsive type than girls.
Combined type
如果您有组合类型，则意味着您的症状并不仅仅属于注意力不集中或过度活跃的行为。取而代之的是，展示了来自两个类别的症状的组合。
Most people, with or without ADHD, experience some degree of inattentive or impulsive behavior. But it’s more severe in people with ADHD. The behavior occurs more often and interferes with how you function at home, school, work, and in social situations.
Most children have combination type ADHD, according to the
症状可能会随着时间的流逝而改变，因此您所拥有的多动症类型也可能会改变。多动症可能是一生的挑战。但是药物和其他治疗可以帮助改善生活质量。
The exact cause of ADHD is unknown. Although some have speculated that ADHD develops in response to factors like eating too much sugar, watching too much TV, or living in a chaotic environment, research has not found evidence to support these claims.
相反，人们认为遗传学在多动症的发展中起着作用。研究人员所研究的其他因素包括：
- brain injury
- exposure to toxins, like lead, either in pregnancy or from a young age
- alcohol or tobacco use during pregnancy
- 早产或低出生体重
尽管关于多动症的原因有很多，但仍然未知。
多动症会影响任何人，但这是
Symptoms of ADHD typically start to crop up at a young age, between ages
Though ADHD also occurs in adults. An estimated
没有一个可以诊断ADHD的简单测试。儿童通常在7岁之前表现出症状，但是ADHD与其他疾病共享症状。您的医生可能首先尝试排除诊断之前的抑郁症，焦虑和某些睡眠问题等疾病。
在美国，精神障碍的诊断和统计手册（DSM-5）用于诊断患有多动症的儿童和成人。它包括对行为的详细诊断评估。
一个人必须至少显示特定类型多动症的九种主要症状中的六个。要被诊断为组合多动症，您必须至少表现出六个注意力不集中的症状和过度活跃的行为。行为必须存在至少6个月的日常生活。
除了显示注意力不集中的模式,hyperactivity-impulsivity, or both, the DSM-5 states that to be diagnosed, a person’s symptoms must be displayed before 12 years of age. They must also be present in more than just one setting, like at both school and home.
Symptoms must also interfere with everyday life. And these symptoms can’t be explained by another mental disorder.
初始诊断可能显示一种类型的多动症。但是症状会随着时间的流逝而改变。对于可能需要重新评估的成年人来说，这是重要的信息。
After you’ve been diagnosed, there are a number of treatment options available. The primary goal of treatment is to manage ADHD symptoms and to promote positive behaviors.
治疗
Your doctor may recommend behavioral therapy before starting any medications. Therapy can help people with ADHD replace inappropriate behaviors with new behaviors. Or help them find ways to express feelings.
Parents can also receive behavior management training. This can help them manage their child’s behavior. It can also help them learn new skills for coping with the disorder.
Children under age 6 usually start with behavior therapy and no medications. Children ages 6 and up may benefit most from a combination of behavior therapy and medications.
Other therapeutic options, like cognitive behavioral therapy, family or marital therapy, meeting with and ADHD coach, or trying classroom management interventions may also be helpful for adults or children with ADHD.
支持小组还可以为患有多动症的人及其亲人提供情感康复。
Online therapy options
阅读我们对best online therapy options找到合适的适合您。
Medication
Medications are available to help reduce hyperactivity and impulsivity and improve the ability to focus, work, and learn, as well as physical coordination.
There are two types of ADHD medications: stimulants and nonstimulants.
兴奋剂是最常见的ADHD药物。它们通过增加大脑中的化学物质的产生来快速工作，从而帮助思维和注意力。之间
Though stimulants do come with side effects, such as:
- anxiety or irritability
- 食欲下降
- headaches
- 血压升高
- 睡眠问题
- 肚子疼
- tics
Some nonstimulant medications are also available for treating ADHD. These can also be used to help improve focus, attention, and impulsivity. But they don’t work as quickly as stimulants.
Nonstimulants are a good option for those who aren’t seeing improvements or are experiencing negative side effects with stimulants.
Adults with ADHD often benefit from the same treatments as older children.
It’s important to work closely with your doctor to determine the best treatment or combination of treatments and the right dosage to help your ADHD.
ADHD is not preventable. To help reduce the risk of ADHD in children, expectant mothers should practice healthy habits and avoid smoking or substance abuse during pregnancy. It’s also recommended to avoiding toxins like lead.
Though even then, the baby may still go on to develop ADHD at some point.
到20多岁时，大多数被诊断出患有这种疾病的儿童不再有明显的症状。但是，多动症是许多人的终生状况。
You may be able to manage ADHD with therapeutic options, medication, or both. But treatment isn’t a one-size-fits-all approach. It’s important to work with your doctor if you think your treatment plan isn’t helping you.