大众杀手可以理解吗？

什么是精神疾病？

Mental illness is defined by theAPAas “health conditions involving changes in thinking, emotion or behavior (or a combination of these). Mental illnesses are associated with distress and/or problems functioning in social, work or family activities.”

Joel Dvoskin, PhD, a clinical psychologist based in Arizona, explained that the president’s statement could be harmful by equating violence with mental illness.

Dvoskin told Healthline that the president defined mental illness by linking it to violence by saying, “You’d have to be ‘crazy’ to do something like that.”

他说：“如果这是真的，那么根据定义，每个人都在精神上病了，但这不是精神疾病的定义。”

Dvoskin said people with severe mental illness are generally less likely to commit gun violence against others.

“If you think about it, in order to have a gun you have to be organized, you have to have money,” he explained. “You have to get a license, you have to buy one. If people [have severe mental illness], they’re less likely to do that.”

洛杉矶加利福尼亚州立大学心理学教授拉马尼·杜瓦苏拉（Ramani Durvasula）博士解释说，尽管头条新闻，精神疾病和大规模杀人罪都没有被证明是相关的。

“Committing a horrible act and mental illness, they’re two independent issues,” she told Healthline. “Is it possible that someone with mental illness could commit a terrible act? Yes… But the one implying the other is a completely incorrect assertion and is a potentially dangerous assertion.”

取而代之的是，杜瓦苏拉说，在调节情绪的困难的人可能不会达到被认为是精神病的门槛。但是他们可能更有可能实施暴力。

她指出，例如，发生家庭暴力或出于愤怒行事的历史可能是对未来暴力事件的更好预测指标，而不是诊断出抑郁症或躁郁症的诊断。

有一些研究发现患有药物使用障碍，精神分裂症或躁郁症的人越来越有可能采取暴力行为。但是，这种风险也与其他多个因素有关，包括家族史，个人压力源和社会经济因素。

Antonio E. Puente, PhD, president of the APA, said in a陈述尽管存在与枪支暴力有关的风险因素，但精神疾病并不是其中之一。

“The vast majority of people with mental illness are not violent,” Puente said. “A complex combination of risk factors, including a history of domestic violence, violent misdemeanor crimes and substance use disorders, increases the likelihood of people using a firearm against themselves or others.”

谁会变得暴力？

The质量射击率的增加has put pressure on mental health experts and law enforcement officials to identify and stop those likely to commit these acts early.

However, Dvoskin and Puente explained the signs that someone may commit a mass shooting is often too vague to pinpoint.

“For every lonely, angry, disconnected person who commits a crime, there are tens of thousands that don’t commit that crime,” Dvoskin said.

He added there’s one clear red flag that should always be taken seriously: a threat.

“The red flag is when somebody says, ‘I’m going to kill myself or kill a bunch of people.’ That’s the red flag, and it must never be ignored,” he said.

However, Puente said there’s little scientific evidence in identifying mass murderers that can help authorities before a shooting.

“If we look at the science of mass murders… it’s really next to impossible to predict this behavior,” he said. “The science of violence, whether it’s terrorism or mass shootings, is very, very poorly understood.”

杜瓦苏拉（Durvasula）说，过去的暴力，尤其是家庭暴力，是一个警告信号，表明某人无法正确调节自己的情绪。结果，可以将其视为未来暴力的严重迹象。

她说：“我认为家庭暴力是煤矿中非常重要的金丝雀。”“对于无法调节情绪，愤怒，暴力的人来说，这是一个非常重要的标记变量，即使在他们需要感到最安全的关系中。”

污名化精神疾病

All three experts interviewed by Healthline expressed concern that officials publicly linking mental illness and a mass shooting, without good evidence, are likely to hurt those with actual mental illness.

普恩特说：“如果您患有精神疾病，并且听到有关国家和国际层面的评论。”

普恩特还指出，在过去的三名总统政府中，联邦对精神疾病治疗的资金已被削减。

“On the one hand we’re being stigmatized, and on the other hand we’re not given the opportunity to take care of those individuals, so it’s a double jeopardy situation,” he said.

杜瓦苏拉（Durvasula）说，越来越多的人将大规模枪击事件归咎于某些版本的“精神疾病”，而没有任何证据，人们可能避免接受治疗的可能性越大。

她说：“我可以看到它可能如何使人们保持阴影，不仅是为了自己，而且对于那些不愿意说的家人来说，‘你知道什么，你需要帮助’。”“在我们的社会中，如果我们将精神疾病与大规模射击混合在一起，那是一种令人难以置信的不利联系。”